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LATIN

BY THE NATURAL METHOD

FIRST YEAR
(Third Revised Edition)

William G. Most, Ph.D.
Professor of Latin
Loras College
Dubuque, Iowa

Henry Regnery Company
114 West Illinois St.
Chicago, Ill. 60610

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Printed in the United States of America

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Foreword

On December 31, 1939, in the encyclical On Educa¬
tion His Holiness Pope Pius XI wrote about the
Christian teacher:

... in accepting the new, he will not hastily abandon
the old, which the experience of centuries has found
expedient and profitable. This is particularly true in
the teaching of Latin, which in our days is falling more
and more into disuse, because of the unreasonable re¬
jection of methods so successfully used by that sane
humanism, whose highest development was reached in
the schools of the Church. 1

The thirteenth and sixteenth centuries were certainly
eras when Christian humanism flourished. Also,
methods of teaching are means to the objectives; and
methods are naturally adapted as goals vary. Hence, the
Holy Father’s words clearly manifest his desire for a re¬
turn to the objectives and methods of Latin teaching
used with success in the thirteenth and sixteenth cen¬
turies, coupled with modern improvements.

Precisely that is what is achieved by Father William
G. Most’s textbooks for teaching and learning Latin by
“The Natural Method.” They employ, not slavishly but
with wise adaptation to changed modern circumstances,
the objective (facility in using Latin as a means of com¬
munication) and methods (habit formation by frequent
repetition) used in 1250 or 1550. They lead the student
to reproduce the natural processes of habit formation by
which Roman children learned Latin as their mother
tongue. While doing this, the books do not discard the
valuable training of mind, knowledge of grammar, and
other benefits hitherto sought by Latin teachers of the
twentieth century, but merely postpone their achieve¬
ment until after the student has gained facility in using
Latin. Also, they apply to the teaching of Latin many of
the most effective techniques of teaching modern lan¬
guages, and much that has been learned from the modern
science called “descriptive linguistics.” They are the first
published American Catholic Latin textbooks which
do all this.

The great change in objectives and procedures of
teaching Latin between the sixteenth and the twentieth
centuries can be sketched here only with the utmost
brevity. 2

In the centuries of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
and St. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) virtually all
education was imparted from Latin textbooks explained
by oral Latin. The pupils learning Latin were almost en¬
tirely between the ages of six and about fourteen. The
chief objective of the teachers was to impart the art of
reading, writing, and speaking Latin with facility, that

it might be used as a means of communicating thought,
or, in other words, as an indispensable tool in all higher
studies and then in later life. They made extensive use of
Latin conversation and of textbooks of easy Latin, such
as dialogues, or “colloquia” about everyday life, the
Pater, Axe, psalms, and Gospels. Thus by means of easy
materials the teachers gave their pupils the copious prac¬
tice and repetition which alone develop a set of habits—
and that is the essence of learning a language success¬
fully. The pupils, in truth, felt a sense of achievement
in expressing their thought in a new language. Learning
Latin was fun rather than drudgery. The Latin words
directly evoked the ideas, not vernacular equivalents or
grammatical nomenclature which was laboriously used
to catch the ideas. Through mastering the threefold art
of reading, writing, and speaking Latin the pupils auto¬
matically acquired much training of mind and cultural
knowledge. But nobody thought of setting up discipline
of mind or cultural knowledge as the goal of Latin
teaching. That goal was mastery of the art of using Latin
with ease.

This entire situation gradually changed from about
1700 onwards. The vernaculars replaced Latin in text¬
books and as the medium of instruction. As Latin more
and more ceased to be necessary as the means of acquir¬
ing and expressing learning, men were less and less
motivated to study it, and its place in the curriculum
continually waned. To defend it, especially after the
times of John Locke (1632-1704) and Christian Wolff
(1679-1754), the teachers pointed to the training of
mind and the cultural knowledge it brought. Growing
stress was put upon knowledge of Ciceronian style and
grammatical analysis. In time, pupils began Latin not
at the age of six but at fourteen. They learned declen¬
sions, conjugations, rules of syntax, vocabulary lists,
and grammatical nomenclature. Then, after 1890 in
the United States, they decoded the long difficult sen¬
tences of Caesar, and parsed the words. They repeated
the process with a speech or two of Cicero and a few
books of Vergil. They were acquiring knowledge about
Latin, but not the art of using it with ease as a means of
communicating thought. (Ability to read Latin at sight
was ranked only in last place among the nineteen ob¬
jectives of Latin teaching listed by the teachers during

1 Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 22, 80; America Press Edition, p.
29.

2 For a longer account, see “A Sketch of the History of Latin
Teaching,” pp. 218-258 of Ganss, G.E., S.J., St. Ignatius' Idea
of a Jesuit University, Marquette University Press, Milwaukee,
1956.

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the Classical Investigation of 1923.) With most stu¬
dents the learning of Latin became drudgery rather than
fun and a growing sense of achievement. Enrollments
fell. In 1910, 49.05% of the American high school stu¬
dents were taking Latin. By 1954, only 7% were study¬
ing it (-1.3% in Alabama, 5.8% in Wisconsin, 16.4%
in Connecticut). 3

Most Americans who have studied Latin, with our
priests and seminarians included, have employed this
method, which they thought was “traditional.” But as
something fully developed, this tradition scarcely goes
farther back than 1880; and even in its beginnings it
hardly antedates the seventeenth century.

In contrast to this method of grammatical analysis,
Father Most’s textbooks reproduce much of the “natural
method” by which children learn their native language.
Hence, the significance of Father Most’s books is mani¬
festly great for the Latin classes in any Catholic high
schools or colleges. So much of our Catholic doctrine
and culture have been deposited in Latin that we want
many of our educated Catholics to be able to use Latin
with ease.

But the special significance of Father Most’s texts is
for the Latin classes in our seminaries. Here the students
still have much the same cogent motives to master the
art of using Latin with ease as the pupils of the thirteenth
or sixteenth century. They need it as an indispensable
means of communicating thought in their higher studies,
and afterwards throughout life. The objectives (knowl¬

edge about Latin and training of mind) and correspond¬
ing methods (grammatical analysis and translation)
“traditional” since 1880 have taken over in our semi¬
naries; and there too the students have been experienc¬
ing an ever growing inability to use Latin. Father Most’s
textbooks can contribute much towards revolutionizing
the teaching of Latin by bringing back, as the chief
objective, the art of reading, writing, and (when de¬
sired) speaking Latin with ease. Thus they will help
towards realizing not only the desires of Pope Pius XI
cited above, but also those expressed by Pope Pius XII to
the Carmelite Congress on September 13, 1951:

Alas, the Latin language, the glory of priests, now
has rather few devotees, and even they are constantly
languishing. . . . Let there be no priest who does not
know how to speak and read it easily and quickly.
Beyond this, may there arise among you some neither
mediocre nor few who can write it even in a com¬
pressed and elegant style of speech. 4

Towards the accomplishment of these lofty objec¬
tives, our hope and prayer is that Father Most’s impor¬
tant textbooks using the “natural method” will have a
wider and wider use.

George E. Ganss, S.J., Ph.D.
Director, Department of Classics,
Marquette University,

January 20, 1957

3 The F.L. Program, Report No. 2 (August, 1955), Boston,
D.C. Heath Co., p. 5.

4 Acta Apostolicae Sedis 43, 737.

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Table of Contents

LESSON PAGE

1. Perfect indicative active, third singular
Nominative and objective singular of the first

three declensions. 1

2. Perfect indicative active, third plural
Objective plural of first three declensions

Quod indirect statements. 3

3. Ablative singular of the first three declensions

Prepositions . 5

4. Review Lesson . 7

5. Ablative plural of the first three declensions
The expletive there

Plebs .. . 9

6. Nominative singular and plural of the first

three declensions. 11

7. Objective and ablative of fourth and fifth

declensions

Adjectives used as nouns

Ablative without prepositions. 13

8. Review Lesson. 15

9. Nominative of fourth and fifth declensions

Present active infinitives . 17

10. Neuter nouns of second and third declensions 19

11. Gender

Agreement of bonus type adjectives

Use of medius . 21

12. Review Lesson . 24

13. Declension and agreement of third declen¬

sion adjectives
Pluperfect indicative active
Adjectives used as nouns. 26

14. Perfect indicative passive
Perfect passive participles

The three parts of verbs. 28

15. Parts of verbs already learned

Agent with ab . 31

16. Review Lesson . 33

17. Ablative absolutes with perfect passive par¬

ticiples . 35

18. Possessive case of all five declensions

Participles used as nouns. 37

19. I lie in the nominative, objective and ablative 39

20. Review

Word order. 41

21. Hie in three cases
Pluperfect indicative passive

Suus . 43

LESSON PAGE

22. Present indicative active, third singular, in

four conjugations . 45

23. Present indicative active, third plural, in four

conjugations

-iunt verbs. 47

24. Review Lesson. 49

25. Is and idem in three cases. 51

26. The use and declension of qui (three cases) 53

27. Quidam, ipse and sui in three cases. 55

28. Review Lesson . 57

29. Present indicative passive, third singular and

plural

Present infinitive passive. 59

30. Dative case of all five declensions

Word order sandwiches. 61

31. Deponent verbs

Going to towns and cities. 63

32. Review Lesson . 65

33. Imperfect indicative active, all conjugations

Use of the imperfect. 67

34. Imperfect indicative passive, all conjugations

Possessive of pronouns. 69

35. Formation and use of present participles

Ablative absolutes without participles .... 71

36. Review Lesson. 73

3 7. Future indicative, active and passive, all con¬
jugations . 75

38. Interrogative quis in nominative, possessive,

objective and ablative

Perfect infinitives. 77

39. Indirect statements with objective and infini¬

tive . 79

40. Review

Word order. 81

41. Imperfect subjunctive active

Purpose clauses and substantive purpose
clauses. 83

42. Imperfect subjunctive passive
Dative of pronouns

Nine irregular adjectives. 85

43. Pluperfect subjunctive active
Cum clauses

Tense use in subjunctive. 87

44. Review Lesson . 90

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LESSON PAGE

45. Pluperfect subjunctive passive
Result clauses

Indeclinable names. 92

46. Present subjunctive, active and passive
Tense use in subjunctive
Hortatory subjunctive

Indirect questions . 94

47. Preview of first and second person active

forms

Present and imperfect subjunctive active

First and second person. 96

48. Review Lesson . 98

49. Imperfect indicative active, first and second

person

Tuus . 100

50. Perfect indicative active, first and second

person

Nos

Noster . 102

51. Present indicative active, first and second

person

Ego

Meus . 104

52. Review Lesson . 106

53. Future indicative active, first and second

person

Imperative active. 108

54. First and second person forms of velle, nolle

and ire . Ill

55. Review of the active first and second person

forms . 113

56. First and second person forms of esse, posse

and ferre . 115

57. First and second person forms in the perfect

passives

Perfect subjunctive and future perfect indica¬
tive passive. 117

58. Preview of first and second person passive in

the simple tenses

First and second person of present and
imperfect subjunctive. 119

59. Review Lesson . 122

60. First and second person in imperfect indica¬

tive passive
Aliquis, aliqui

-que . 124

61. First and second person in present indicative

passive

Indefinite quis and qui . 126

LESSON PAGE

62. First and second person in future indicative

passive

Vocative case . 128

63. Review of all passive forms. 130

64. Future perfect indicative and perfect sub¬

junctive active

Passive imperatives. 132

65. Future passive participles expressing obliga¬

tion

Objective of extent

Mi lie . 135

66. Review

Sequence of tenses in subjunctive clauses . . 138

67. Gerundives expressing purpose

Dative of possession. 140

68. Gerunds

Datives of purpose and reference. 142

69. Future active participles and infinitives

Double objectives . 144

70. Review Lesson . 146

71. Comparison of adjectives
Irregular comparatives

Ablative of comparison . 148

72. Formation and comparison of adverbs
Irregular adverbs

Fourth declension neuters

lste . 150

73. Real conditions

Ablative of measure of difference. 152

74. Review Lesson. 154

75. Ideal conditions

Conjugation of malle . 156

76. Further uses of the gerundive. 158

77. Impersonal verbs

Ablatives of cause and separation. 160

78. Review Lesson. 162

79. Locative case

Ablative of instrument and personal agent . 164

80. Cum clauses

Third declension mixed stem nouns

Rules for /-stem nouns. 166

81. Five deponents with the ablative

Optional endings of third declension and of
verbs

Use of the Latin dictionary. 168

Declensions of Nouns. 171

Declensions of Adjectives. 171

Conjugations of Verbs. 173

Latin Numbers. 177

Latin-English, English-Latin Vocabularies 178
Index. 185

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LECTIO PRIMA

De tertia persona in numero singulari in tempore perfecto
De casu nominativo et de casu obiectivo in numero singulari

Maria habuit parvum agnum.

Mary had a . .. (three guesses)

habuit-/i<3<?

Agnus fuit albus.

parvus-sma//, little

Maria venit in scholam.

agnus -lamb

Agnus venit in scholam.

albus-white

Agnus venit cum Maria.

iuit-was

Marcus vidit agnum in schola.

venit -came

Agnus dixit: baa, baa.

cum -with
vidit -saw
dixit -said

We Are Discovered

Columbus fuit nauta. Sed Columbus non habuit navem.
Columbus venit ad Reginam Isabellam. Columbus dixit:
Mundus est rotundus. Mundus non est planus. Regina
dedit pecuniam. Columbus non invenit Indiam. Colum¬
bus invenit Americam. America non fuit parva.

VOCABULARIUM

dedit -gave

sed -but

dixit -said

agnus -lamb

fuit-w<w

mundus -world

habuit -had

nauta-sailor

invenit -found

navis -ship

venit -came

parva -small

vidit-.ftm'

parvus -small

ad-fo

pecunia -money

cum-w/rit

planus -flat

exgo-therefore

puella -girl

in-in, into, on

regina -queen

non -not

xotundus-round

Now Let’s Think

Here is an English sentence: Marcus saw the lamb (Mar¬
cus vidit agnum). There are three important words in
it: Marcus is the subject; it is in the nominative case.
The verb is saw. The object is lamb\ therefore, it is in the
objective case. Notice that the Latin verbs above all end
in-i'f. Notice that the word lamb in English, comes
after the verb. Lamb is the object. In Latin we do not

depend on the order of words to show the object—we
depend on the ending. Notice that many words above
end in -m. That is the ending for the object. Some have
-am : some have -um : some have -em. Notice the various
endings for the nominative case. We need not be con¬
cerned about them today. After words like ad, cum, and
in, we have still other endings. Do not bother about them
today. We can understand the story without knowing
about them.

Notice also that Marcus is just one person. So we say
the subject is nominative singular. There is also only
one lamb in school. That is singular too. More than one
would be plural. More than one lamb would not only
be plural. It would be too much. So we could say that
the object in our sentence, agnum, is objective singular.
And we could say that the subject in our sentence,
Marcus, is nominative singular. There is no Latin word
for the, no word for a ox an. Just supply these in English
when you need them.

Columbus and Lamb Stew

Columbus non fuit puella. Maria fuit puella. Columbus
non fuit planus. Fuit Columbus rotundus? Columbus
non habuit pecuniam. Isabella habuit pecuniam. Isabel¬
la non habuit parvum agnum. Isabella habuit pecuniam.
Columbus non habuit parvum agnum. Maria habuit
parvum agnum. Maria non dedit pecuniam. Isabella
dedit pecuniam. Sed Maria non dedit parvum agnum.
Isabella non venit in scholam. Columbus non venit in
scholam. Columbus venit in Americam. Columbus non
venit in Americam cum agno. Columbus non venit in
Americam cum Isabella. Isabella non venit in Ameri¬
cam cum Columbo. Isabella non venit in navem. Agnus

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albus non venit in navem. Maria non venit in navem.
Agnus albus non fuit in India. Columbus non fuit in
India. India non est agnus. India non est navis. Colum¬
bus fuit albus. Sed India non fuit alba. Mundus fuit
rotundus. Sed India non fuit alba. Mundus fuit rotun-

dus. Sed India non fuit rotunda.

Exercise

Find all the English words that are similar to those in the
vocabulary. This should be done with every vocabulary.

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LECTIO SECUNDA

De tertia persona in numero plurali in tempore perfecto
De casu obiectivo in numero plurali

Quinque (5) Porci: or:

Some get to Market. Some get none.

Hie (this) parvus porcus venit in forum. Hie parvus porcus remZinsit domi.
Hie parvus porcus hZibuit carnes bovinas assas. Hie parvus porcus non
h£buit. Hie parvus porcus exclam&vit: Oui! Oui! Oui! Porci dixerunt:
Oink! Oink!

Summary: The Romans didn’t know the truth about the founding of Rome: What
Romulus and Remus didn’t do, the Etruscans did.

Roma fuit urbs magna. Romani amaverunt Romam. Roma fuit antiqua.
Romani dixerunt quod Romulus et Remus fundaverunt Romam. Sed non
dixdrunt veritfitem.

In anno millesimo (1000 BC) ante Christum, viri iam fuerunt in terra
RomZina. Etrusci ( Etruscans ) fundaverunt Romam. Etrusci amaverunt
Romanos. Romani amaverunt terras Rom&nas. Sed non habuerunt urbes
magnas.

forum -market, forum
remansit -remained
domi-af home

carnes bovinas assas -roast beef

exc\ama\it-shouted

urbs-ct'fy

magna -great

amaverunt-Zoved

quod-that

dixerunt-said

fundaverunt -founded

veritas-fraf/i

fuerunt-were

\ir-man

iam -already

terra-land

VOCABULARIUM

amZivit-Zom/

annus -year

exclamavit-shouted

lorum-market, forum

remansit -remained

magnus -great, large

domi-af home

terra-land

hic-this

urbs-ci/y

quod-that

vir -man

ante-before
iam -already

\eritas-truth

Now Let’s Think

Verbs: Last time we saw verbs ending in -it. They were
singular. The subject of those verbs was singular. But
when the subject is plural, the verbs must be plural too.
To make the verbs plural, we change the ending -it to
-erunt. But we do not care if the object is plural. That
does not affect the verb.

To sum up: we have two verb endings so far: -it for
singular: -erunt for plural.

Nouns: But on nouns we can have four different end¬
ings now. We can have singular or plural for the subject

(nominative case). And we can have singular or plural
for the object (objective case). We will not bother to
learn the subject patterns today. But we could look at
the object patterns.

We have several different types of nouns. Let us look
at one of each family. We will give singular and plural
objective case endings for each.

1 . 2 . 3 .

terram terras porcum porcos urbem urbes

Therefore the endings are:

-am -as -um -os -em -es

Notice that some words are much longer in the objective
case than they are in the nominative: for example

veritas verit&tem urbs urbem

Adjectives: Words like magnus and parvus are adjec¬
tives. For the present, just be satisfied to get their mean¬
ing, which is easy.

Quod: Notice how quod was used. We have used it only
in combinations such as these: he says that, or he thinks
that. We call this one use of quod: the dixit quod pattern

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or the indirect statement. In it we tell, without quote
marks, and in an inexact way, what someone says or
thinks.

A Bit More Stew

Maria et Marcus viderunt agnum. Agnus fuit in
schola. Marcus et Maria dixerunt quod agnus fuit in
schola. Viderunt agnum in schola. Non viderunt Colum-
bum in schola. Non dixerunt quod Columbus fuit in
terra Romana. Sed agnus exclamavit in schola. Agnus

dixit: baa. Columbus dixit quod agnus dixit: baa. Porci
non fuerunt in schola. Porci fuerunt in terra Romana.
Porci dixerunt: oink. Porci dixerunt: oui! Porci non
fuerunt albi. Porci fuerunt rotundi. Hie porcus fuit in
urbe. Agnus non dixit :oink. Columbus non dixit quod
agnus dixit: oink. Columbus dixit quod agnus dixit: baa.
Columbus veritatem dixit. Marcus dixit quod agnus
dixit: oink. Marcus veritatem non dixit. Columbus non
habuit porcos. Agni venerunt in navem. Columbus
amavit agnos. Columbus non amavit porcos. Columbus
invenit agnos in America. Regina non fuitparva. Regina
dedit pecuniam. Marcus amavit puellam.

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LECTIO TERTIA

De ablativo singulari
De praepositionibus

Summary: Rome at first was ruled by Etruscan kings. But the last king, Tarquin,
became arrogant. The Romans drove him out.

In primis annis Romani habuerunt reges. Reges fuerunt Etrusci. Etrusci
erant in throno Romano. Etrusci regnaverunt in terra Romana. Primi reges
fuerunt boni. Sed rex ultimus fuit malus. Hie rex ultimus fuit Tarquinius.
Romani non amaverunt Tarquinium. Tarquinius fuit rex malus. Non fuit
rex bonus. Non fuit rex magnus. Rex malus non est rex magnus. Rex
malus est rex parvus. Tarquinius non fuit magnus. Fuit malus. Ergo
Romani non amaverunt Tarquinium regem. Ante Tarquinium reges
fuerunt boni. Sed Tarquinius non fuit bonus. Ergo Tarquinius non re-
mansit in terra Romana. Tarquinius non amavit veritatem. Romani
dixerunt quod Tarquinius fuit malus. Ergo non remansit in urbe. Sed
Romani remanserunt in urbe.

primus-/?™/

rex-king

Etrusci-Etruscans

erant-were

regnavit -ruled

bonus -good

ultimus-/art

malus-6ad

est-w

VOCABULARIUM

est-/j

malus-6ad, evil

regnavit-raW

primus -first

quando-w/ien

rex-king

bonus-good

ultimus -last

Cogitemus Nunc (now let’s think)

Ablative Case: There isn’t much new in this lesson.
So let us catch up on a bit of old business. Notice the
phrases:

in terra Romana, in throno Romano, in urbe.

They all have the word in. That word is a preposition.
Notice the endings of the words that come after it: a, o,
and e. They are in a special case: the ablative case.

The preposition in often (not always) takes the abla¬
tive case. Let us notice what the ablative endings are:

terra throno urb?

So we see three families of nouns again in the ablative,
just as there were in the nominative and objective cases.
The ablative endings we have here are all singular. They
are:

-a -o -e

Let us add up all the noun endings we now know, keep¬
ing the three classes of nouns separate (the exact name
for the three classes or families is DECLENSIONS).

Objective

Ablative

1 .

Sing. PI.

am as
a

2 .

Sing.

PI.

Sing. PI.

em es
e

Now let us turn back to the first two lessons and find
other prepositions: What case comes after cuml It is
the ablative which ALWAYS comes after cum. We
also saw the preposition ad. What case comes after it?
It is ALWAYS the objective case.

But our old friend the preposition in sometimes takes
the objective case. Remember some of the sentences we
have already seen:

Maria venit in scholam. Columbus venit in Americ am.

Now what is the difference between the following two
sentences?

1. Maria venit in scholam.

2. Maria fuit in schola.

In 1. Mary is going somewhere—she is moving into
somewhere.

In 2. Mary is going nowhere—she is stuck in school.

Therefore—sometimes in means into, motion travel¬
ling into; it then takes the objective case. Sometimes in
means in (or on) —no motion:

it then takes the ablative case.

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If we add up all our prepositions thus far we get:
ad with objective means to, up to
ante with objective means before
cum with ablative means with
in with objective means into (motion )
in with ablative means in or on (no motion).

Find all examples of prepositions in the text thus far.

Now for Some Exercise
Look for ablative patterns.

Etrusci fuerunt reges in terra Romana. Etrusci venerunt
in terram Romanam. Etrusci fuerunt in terra Romana
in anno sescentesimo (600) ante Christum. Columbus
venit in terram Americanam. Sed Status Foederati
Americae (guess what) non fuerunt in terra quando
Columbus venit. Columbus non invenit Status Foede-
ratos Americae. Fuit Georgius Washington vir bonus?

Status Foederati Americae fuerunt boni et magni.
Columbus fuit primus vir albus in America. Columbus
dixit quod invenit Americam. Columbus veritatem dixit.
Georgius Washington non dixit quod invenit Americam.
Georgius veritatem dixit. Maria non dixit quod invenit
Americam. Maria dixit quod invenit agnum album.
Dixit quod invenit agnum album in schola. Agnus venit
ad scholam. Agnus venit in scholam cum Maria. Ro¬
mani non dixerunt quod Etrusci fundaverunt Romam.
Agnus non fuit in America quando Columbus venit.
Agnus albus non venit in Americam cum Columbo.
Agnus albus remansit cum Maria. Sed agnus albus non
remansit domi. Agnus albus venit in scholam cum
Maria. Hie agnus albus fuit primus agnus albus in
schola. Hie agnus albus fuit ultimus agnus albus in
schola. Agnus albus non remansit in schola. Agnus
exclamavit baa in schola. Ergo Marcus non amavit
agnum album. Maria non amavit porcos. Porci non
fuerunt albi.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie: veteribus studeamus
Nothing new today, let’s study old (things).

Summary: After the expulsion of Tarquin, there was war with the Etruscans. The
Romans attempt to burn the bridge leading to the city. The Etruscans try to cross.
Horatius holds them off. Horatius makes a grand slam.

Postquam Romani expulerunt Tarquinium bellum habuerunt. Tarquinius
enim Etruscus fuit. Ergo Etrusci venerunt ad bellum cum Romanis.
Etrusci dixerunt quod Romani mali fuerunt: expulerunt Tarquinium.
Romani dixerunt quod Tarquinius malus fuit: ergo expulerunt Tarqut-
nium. Bellum non parvum fuit. Bellum fuit magnum. Multi viri magni
fuerunt in bello. Viri Romani amaverunt Romam. Exclamaverunt quod
Tarquinius malus tyrannus fuit. Viri Romani dixerunt veritatem. Tar¬
quinius fuit tyrannus malus.

Etiam rex Etruscus venit cum Tarquinio ad bellum. Rex Etruscus fuit
Lars Porsenna. Romani viderunt exercitum Etruscum. Exercitus Etruscus
magnus fuit. Romani viderunt quod exercitus Etruscus magnus fuit. Sed
exercitus Romanus etiam magnus fuit. Viri Romani magni fuerunt. Sed
viri Etrusci etiam magni fuerunt. Non parvi fuerunt. Ergo viri Romani et
viri Etrusci paraverunt ad pugnam. Viri Etrusci dixerunt: Romani mali
sunt: expulerunt Tarquinium. Sed Romani dixerunt quod Tarquinius
malus fuit. Romani non agni fuerunt—viri fuerunt. Romani fuerunt ad
urbem. Steterunt ad pontem. Etiam Etrusci steterunt ad pontem Romanum.
Romani iecerunt ignem in pontem. Vir Romanus magnus stetit in ponte.
Hie vir fuit Horatius. Amavit Romam. Sed Etrusci venerunt in pontem.
Ignis venit in pontem. Pons cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam cecidit in
aquam.

postquam-a/ter
bellum-war
expulit-e* pelted
enim -for
etiam -also, even
exercitus -army
paravit -prepared
pugna -battle
sunt -are

ad pontem-near the bridge

stetit -stood

pons-bridge

iecit -threw

ignis-fire

cecidit -fell

VOCABULARIUM

cecidit-/^//

postquam-a/ter

expulit -expelled

( conjunction )

iecit -threw

ubi-where

paravit -prepared

aqua -water

stetit -stood

bellum-war

ad-near (with objective) exercitus-nrmy

enim-/or

ignis-fire

etiam -even, also

pons-bridge
pugna -battle

Videamus Formas Veteres:

Let us see the old patterns:

Verbs: Let us review all the verb forms we have learned:
we have seen only two forms. Verbs that end in -it and
-erunt. They are third person singular and third person

plural. They belong to the tense (time) that we call
perfect. The perfect tense refers to something that is
past.

Nouns: On nouns we have used three cases: nomina¬
tive, objective, and ablative.

The nominative is the case for the subject.

The objective is the case for the direct object of a
verb. It is also used for the object of some prepositions:
ad, ante, and in (when in means into: motion). The
ablative case so far has been used only after some
prepositions: cum and in (when in means in or on —no
motion).

We have not yet bothered to learn the nominative
patterns. But we do know the objective patterns in
three declensions:

1. -am -as 2. -um -os 3. -em -es
We know the ablative singular endings for these three
declensions: 1. -a 2. -o 3. -e.

Circuluslatinus.org

Constructions: We have learned some kinds of de¬
pendent clauses:

We have seen quod for indirect state¬
ments after verbs of saying.

We have seen quando in the sense
of when.

We have seen postquam in the sense
of after (It never means after¬
wards. )

Enim: Notice the odd word enim. It means for. But it
can never be the first word in its own clause. If I want to
say: For the Romans were great—I may say:

Romani enim fuerunt magni. But not: Enim Romani
fuerunt magni.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
(Now let us exercise ourselves)

Look for object patterns.

Tarquinius fuit rex malus. Ergo Romani expulerunt
regem malum. Sed Tarquinius venit cum Etruscis contra

(against ) Romam. Etrusci paraverunt exercitum mag¬
num. Romani etiam paraverunt exercitum magnum.
Columbus non venit cum Etruscis. Et agnus albus non
venit cum Etruscis. Agnus enim Tarquinium non
amavit. Agnus enim dixit baa Tarquinio {to Tarqui¬
nius) . Sed Tarquinius non iecit agnum in aquam. Agnus
enim in ponte non fuit. Fuitne {Note: The little ending
-ne is often attached to the first word of a question un¬
less that word is already a question word.) Tarquinius
in ponte? Non. Tarquinius in ponte non fuit. Horatius
in ponte fuit. Sed Horatius non remansit in ponte. Ignis
enim in pontem venit. Romani ignem iecerunt in pon-
tem. Etrusci enim in ponte fuerunt. Pons non amavit
ignem. Pons ergo cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam in
aquam cecidit. Horatius enim non habuit navem. Hora¬
tius non stetit in ponte cum igne. Pons etiam non stetit.
Columbus non vidit ignem in ponte. Columbus enim
non fuit in ponte quando ignis venit. Fuitne Columbus
in urbe Romana quando ignis venit? Non. Columbus
etiam non fuit in America quando ignis venit. Columbus
non dixit quod fuit in America quando ignis venit in
pontem Romanum. Columbus dixit veritatem. Colum¬
bus enim non fuit in mundo in illo {that) anno.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUINTA

De ablativo plurali

Summary: The Romans make two consuls instead of the kings. But there is strife
between the two classes in the state: Patricians and plebeians. The plebeians walk
out to the Sacred Mount. But they come back when the patricians create a new
office: the tribunes of the people, to protect them.

Romani expulerunt Etruscos. Nunc Etrusci non sunt reges in terra
Romana. Romani non sunt reges in terra Romana, sed Romani fecerunt
consules duos (two). Consules fuerunt viri boni. Reges Etrusci fuerunt
mali. Sed consules non sunt mali—viri magni sunt. Consules habuerunt
magnam potestatem. In urbe Romana cives pugnaverunt cum civibus.
Romani patricii fuerunt divites: magnam pecuniam habuerunt. Patricii
etiam magnam potestatem habuerunt. Sed plebs Romana fuerunt pauperes.
Plebs non habuerunt pecuniam. Plebs non habuerunt potestatem in urbe.
Plebs voluerunt potestatem. Plebs voluerunt pecuniam. Patricii non
dederunt pecuniam. Patricii non dederunt potestatem in urbe. Ergo plebs
pugnaverunt cum patriciis. Plebs non remanserunt in urbe. Plebs venerunt
in Sacrum Montem. Patricii exclamaverunt: Venite in urbem! Sed plebs
remansit in Monte Sacro. Magni patricii venerunt ad plebem. Dixerunt:
venite! venite in urbem Romanam! Sed plebs remansit in Monte Sacro.
Ergo patricii creaverunt officium novum. Creaverunt tribunos plebis (of
the plebs). Fuerunt duo (two) tribuni plebis. Ergo plebs non remansit in
Monte Sacro. Plebs venit in urbem. Plebs venit cum tribunis. Tribuni mag¬
nam potestatem habuerunt. Consules habuerunt magnam potestatem. Sed
tribuni etiam habuerunt magnam potestatem.

nunc-/iow
sunt-ore
itc\t-made
consul-corww/
potestas-power
civis -citizen
patricius -patrician
dives -rich
plebs -plebeian(s)
voluit -wished
\enhe-come
officium -office
novus-new
tribunus-rr/6Mne

Vocabularium

fecit -made, did

civis, i- citizen

sunt -are

novus -new

voluit -wished, willed

potestas -power

nunc-now

Cogitemus Nunc

Nouns in Vocabulary: Thus far we have been learn¬
ing the nominative singular in vocabularies. Now that
we have the ablative, we shall learn both the nominative
and the ablative singular. We can tell what family the
noun belongs to by the ablative singular.

Therefore, the ablative singular does two things for us:

1. It shows which declension a noun belongs to (and so
we know which set of endings to use).

2. It shows the base on which we build the endings
(ablative singular minus ending).

Now, to help you bring your vocabulary notebook up
to date, here are the ablatives of all the nouns we have
learned so far:

agnus, o
annus, o
aqua, a
bellum, o
civis, i
forum, o
ignis, i
mundus, o
nauta, a
navis, i
pecunia, a

pons, ponte
potestas, potestate
puella, a
pugna, a
regfna, a
rex, rege
terra, a
urbs, urbe
veritas, veritate
vir, viro

(Exercitus is fourth declension, which we shall see later.
Ablative is: exercitu).

Ablative Plurals: The ablative plural endings for
the three families are: 1 . -is (e.g., nautis) 2. -is (e.g.,

Circuluslatinus.org

agnis) 3. -ibus (e.g., embus). If we add it all up we get
both the singular and the plural of the ablative thus:

1. 2. 3.

Sing, -a Sing, -o Sing, -i or -e

PI. -is PI. -is PI. -ibus

Notice that some third declension nouns have -i, while
some have -e. We shall see more about that fact later
on. It makes little difference to us.

Expletive “There”: an introductory word:
Notice this sentence: Non sunt reges in terra Romdna.
We could translate it in two ways. 1. Kings are not in
the Roman land. 2. There are not kings in the Roman
land.

The word there in the second sentence is an expletive (a
“filler”). Latin does very well without it. It is used in
English sometimes to start a sentence which has the verb
to be (any form) in it. This use of the word there is
different from the use in which it means “in that place.”
Latin does have a word that means there in the sense of
“in the place.” But Latin has no expletive there. So we
will fill it in in English whenever we need it.

Plebs: This word is collective: the form is singular, but
the sense is plural—so—we can use either a singular or
a plural verb with it. Find examples in the story above.

Exerceamus Nos
(Let us exercise ourselves)

Ubi sunt Romani? Romani sunt inurbeRomana. Suntne
plebs in urbe Romana? Non. Plebs non est in urbe Ro-
mana. Plebs est in Monte Sacro. Plebs venerunt ex urbe
(out of the city). Venerunt in Montem Sacrum. Non
remanserunt in urbe. Estne Columbus in Monte Sacro?
Non. Columbus non est in Monte Sacro. Columbus non
est in urbe. Columbus est in navi. Navis est in aqua. Ubi
est agnus? Agnus non est in Monte Sacro. Agnus est in
schola. Marcus non voluit agnum in schola. Sed Marcus
voluit Mariam. Marcus dixit: O! Maria est agna parva!
Marcus amavit Mariam. Maria amavit Marcum. Maria
etiam dixit: O! Marcus est agnus parvus. Estne Colum¬
bus agnus parvus? Non. Columbus habuit uxorem
(wife). Uxor non dixit: Columbus est agnus parvus.
Uxor dixit quod Columbus fuit porcus magnus. Sed
uxor amavit Columbum. Et Columbus amavit uxorem.
Columbus non fuit porcus magnus. Columbus non fuit
porcus parvus. Columbus non fuit porcus. Sed Colum¬
bus fuit rotundus. Mundus etiam est rotundus. Agnus
etiam est rotundus. Mundus non est planus. Pecunia
est rotunda. Ergo: mundus est rotundus—et pecunia
est rotunda: estne mundus pecunia? Non. Mundus non
est pecunia. Sed viri mali dixerunt quod pecunia est rex
in mundo. Horatius habuit pecuniam. Horatius etiam
stetit in ponte. Sed pons cecidit in aquam. Ignis cecidit
in pontem. Romani pugnaverunt cum Etruscis. Sed
patricii etiam pugnaverunt cum plebe. Cives pugna¬
verunt cum Etruscis. Sed patricii etiam pugnaverunt
cum plebe. Cives pugnaverunt cum rivibus.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO SEXTA

De nominativo singulari et plurali—in tribus declinationibus

Summary: The Romans go to war with the Aequi. During this war, the Roman army
is trapped by the Aequi. The senate appoints Cincinnatus dictator. Cincinnatus
rescues the Roman army. He goes to the senate and resigns as dictator, and goes
back to his farm.

Romani habuerunt bellum cum Aequis. Consul Romanus venit cum
exercitu Romano ad pugnam. Exercitus Romanus pugnavit cum Aequis.
Aequi pugnaverunt cum Romanis. Aequi viri fortes fuerunt. Sed Romani
etiam viri fortes fuerunt. Ergo viri fortes pugnaverunt cum viris fortibus.
Sed exercitus Romanus venit in magnum periculum. Viri Romani ex-
clamaverunt: in magno periculo sumus ( we are)! Sed viri Romani fortes
fuerunt. Et in urbe Romana fuit senatus Romanus. Viri boni fuerunt in
senatu Romano. Ergo senatus Romanus fecit consilium: Dictatorem
creaverunt. Cincinnatus fuit vir bonus, vir fortis. In veritate, Cincinnatus
fuit Romanus bonus. Legati ex senatu venerunt ad Cincinnatum. Cincin¬
natus fuit in agris. Legati ex senatu dixerunt quod exercitus Romanus in
periculo magno fuit. Dixerunt quod senatus creavit Cincinnatum dic¬
tatorem. Ergo Cincinnatus non remansit in agris. Cincinnatus fuit dictator.
Cincinnatus venit cum viris fortibus. Cincinnatus pugnavit cum Aequis.
Cincinnatus vicit Aequos. Sed Cincinnatus non remansit Dictator. Cin¬
cinnatus non voluit magnam protestatem. Cincinnatus voluit agros bonos.
Ergo Cincinnatus venit in senatum. Cincinnatus dixit in senatu quod non
voluit magnam potestatem. Cincinnatus venit rursus in agros. Nunc Cin¬
cinnatus non est Dictator.

Aequi-the Aequi
fortis-ftrave
periculum -danger
senatus -senate
consilium-p/an
dictator -dictator
creavit-created
legatus -legate
ager -field
ex-from

\icit-conquered

Tursus-again

VOCABULARIUM

creavit-created, made

ager, agco-field, farm

Vicil-conquered

consilium, consilio-p/an

e, ex-from, out from

fortis-brave, strong

(with ablative case )

periculum, o -danger

senatus.

u-senate

Nunc Cogitemus

Nominative Endings: We have been using the nomi¬
native endings for the subject for some time now. So
let us add them up, for the three declensions that we
know:

Singular

Plural

1. -a

-ae

(nauta)

(nautae)

2. -us, -r

-i

(agnus

(agni

ager

agri

vir)

viri)

-es

Notice that we did not indicate an ending for the nomi¬
native singular of third declension—that is because
there is so large a variety: we must learn each word as
it is. Notice also that there are a few words that we have
already had that do not fit into the table above. Do not
bother about them now. We will see about them later.
We can use them easily without knowing all about them.
But let us be sure to learn the nominative and the abla¬
tive singular of each word. Then they will not be hard
to handle.

Preposition Ex: Notice the preposition ex has two
forms: e and ex. E is used before consonants. Ex is used
before vowels (sometimes before consonants also).

Exerceamus Nos

Romani enim fortes viri fuerunt. Quando pugnave¬
runt cum Aequis, Romani vicerunt Aequos. Romani
venerunt ex urbe ad pugnam. Aequi venerunt ex urbe ad
pugnam. Horatius pugnavit cum Etruscis. Etrusci etiam
fuerunt viri fortes. Romani fuerunt in magno periculo
postquam regem Tarquinium expulerunt. Romani fue¬
runt in magno periculo quando pugnaverunt cum

Circuluslatinus.org

Aequis. Sed Romani vicerunt Etruscos et Aequos. Cin¬
cinnatus fuit Dictator Romanus. Sed Cincinnatus non
voluit potestatem magnam. Cincinnatus amavit Ro-
mam. Cincinnatus fecit consilium bonum. Cincinnatus
non remansit Dictator. Plebs non remansit in urbe.
Plebs non venit in scholam. Marcus venit in scholam
cum Maria. Agnus venit in scholam cum Maria. Fuitne
Marcus agnus? Maria dixit quod Marcus fuit agnus.
Fuitne Marcus rotundus? Tribuni plebis habuerunt

magnam potestatem. Consules etiam habuerunt mag¬
nam potestatem. Sed consules et tribuni plebis non fue-
runt viri mali. Fuerunt viri boni. In veritate fuerunt Ro¬
mani fortes. Exercitus Romanus etiam fuit fortis. Viri
fortes fuerunt in exercitu. Horatius stetit in ponte. Pons
cecidit in aquam. Horatius etiam cecidit in aquam.
Porci non ceciderunt in aquam. Porci non amaverunt
aquam. Etiam agnus non cecidit in aquam. Sed agnus
albus fuit. Porci non albi fuerunt.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO SEPTIMA

De casu objeclivo et casu ablativo in declinationibus iv et v

Summary: After many wars, the Romans still had no peace. In 390 B.C. the Gauls
invaded Italy. They conquered many peoples and even defeated a Roman army.
They entered Rome, and captured all but the Capitoline. There the geese awakened
the sleeping Romans.

In rebus humanis, periculum non est rarum. Romani bellum habuerunt in
multis diebus et in multis annis. Romani bellum habuerunt cum Etruscis.
Etiam bellum habuerunt cum Aequis. Habuerunt bellum cum multis. Sed
Romani fortes fuerunt. Viri magni in exerdtibus Romanis fuerunt. Ergo
Romani vicerunt Etruscos. Etiam vicerunt Aequos. Sed Romani non sem¬
per vicerunt. In anno trecentesimo nonagesimo (390) ante Christum,
barbari venerunt ex Gallia in Italiam. Galli fuerunt barbari. Galli pugna¬
verunt cum multis in Italia. Galli vicerunt multos. Galli etiam pugnaverunt
cum Etruscis. Galli vicerunt Etruscos in pugna. Galli etiam venerunt in
terram Romanam. Galli pugnaverunt cum exercitu Romano. Galli vice¬
runt exercitum Romanum. In exercitu Romano fuerunt multi viri magni
et fortes. Sed Galli etiam fuerunt magni et fortes. Galli vicerunt Romanos.
Galli venerunt etiam in urbem Romanam. Galli ceperunt fere totam ur-
bem. Sed Galli non ceperunt totam urbem. Galli non ceperunt Capitolium.
In Capitolio viri fortes fuerunt. Sed viri fortes dormiebant (were sleep¬
ing) in Capitolio. Viri non audiverunt Gallos in Capitolio. Sed anseres
fuerunt etiam in Capitolio. Anseres non dormiebant. Anseres audiverunt
Gallos. Anseres exclamaverunt. Romani audiverunt anseres. Romani
pugnaverunt cum Gallis.

res-thing
rarus -rare
dies -day

multus-mwdj, many
semper -always
barbari -barbarians
Galli -Gauls
cepit-captured
fer e-almost
tota-whole
audfvit -heard
anser -goose

VOCABULARIUM

andWd-heard

dies, die (5)-day

cepit -took, captured

multus-mwcli, many

fere-almost, in general

res, vt (5)-thing

semper -always

totus -whole

Nunc Cogitemus

Adjectives Used Alone: Notice the use of multis
in the sentence: pugnaverunt cum multis. It means:
They fought with many. Of course, multis means—
many peoples or nations. We may leave a word under¬
stood with an adjective. We must then supply the right
wordAo English; we usually supply one of these: men,
things, etc.

Objective and Ablative of Fourth and Fifth
Declensions: So far we have been studying only three
declensions. We have used some words from the fourth

declension. We must now take a closer look at the new
forms. They are as follows (endings are underlined):

Obj.

Abl.

Singular

exercitum

exercitu

Plural

exercitus

exerci'tibus

Singular

diem

die

Plural

dies

diebus

As to the fourth declension—notice that it has the
same objective singular as the second declension. And
it has the same ablative plural as the third.

As to the fifth declension—notice that all four forms
above are the same as third declension (although the
third sometimes has ablative singular in -i) except that
the ablative plural has -ebus instead of -ibus.

How can we tell which declension? If we want to

Circuluslatinus.org

know what family a word belongs to, we take a look at
the ablative singular:

1. -a

2. -o

3. -e or -i

4. -u

5. -e

Are there any that are alike? Yes, the fifth declension
has -e, and the third sometimes has -e. But there is no
real problem—there are very few words that belong to
the fifth declension. We shall mark them all thus: dies,
-e(5).

Ablative Used without Prepositions: It is possible
to use the ablative case without prepositions. It can have
various meanings then. Study these examples:

1. Romani non vicerunt pecunia.

The Romans did not conquer by money.

2. Romani fuerunt multi numero.

The Romans were many in number.

3. Romani exclamaverunt voce magna.

The Romans shouted with a great voice.

Notice the English prepositions that we may supply.
They are: in, by, with. We could fill out the translation
more if we wanted to: in the first sentence we could say:
by means of money. In the second sentence we could
say: in respect to number. But the third sentence could
not be filled in more. There are a few other uses of the
ablative without prepositions. We shall meet them later.
But for the present let us remember to try that list of

prepositions: in, by, with whenever we see an abla¬
tive without a preposition.

Exerceamus Nos

Look for ablative patterns

Galli exercitum Romanum vicerunt. Galli etiam Etrus-
cos vicerunt. Galli non venerunt in Italiam magnis
navibus. Galli non venerunt multis navibus. Galli navi-
bus non venerunt. Galli venerunt multis exercitibus.
Romani fuerunt magni fortitudine ( abl. sing.-bravery).
Galli etiam magni fortitudine fuerunt. Galli non
vicerunt pecunia. Quando Galli venerunt in Capitolium,
anseres exclamaverunt voce ( voice-abl.sing .) magna.
Romani etiam exclamaverunt voce magna. Romani
etiam boni fuerunt consiliis. Galli non fuerunt boni
consiliis. Galli mali consiliis fuerunt. Senatus Romanus
fuit bonus consiliis. Senatus creavit Dictatorem. Senatus
dixit quod Cincinnatus fuit vir fortis. Cincinnatus
Aequos vicit. Cincinnatus Aequos non vicit pecunia.
Cincinnatus Aequos non vicit igni. Cincinnatus Aequos
vicit fortitudine. Sed Columbus etiam fuit magnus forti¬
tudine. Columbus enim in Americam venit. Columbus
venit ad Americam navibus. Agnus non venit ad Ameri¬
cam navibus. Agnus ad Americam non venit. Primis
diebus Romani bellum habuerunt. Romani multis annis
bellum habuerunt. Romani fere semper bellum habue¬
runt. Romani non pugnaverunt aqua. Romani non
pugnaverunt igni. Romani pugnaverunt magnis exer¬
citibus. Roma fuit fortis civibus fortibus. Roma fuit
magna potestate. Nunc Roma est magna veritate
Christiana.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie; veteribus studeamus

Summary: Legend tells how the Roman laws came to be written. At first only the
patricians knew the law—the plebs therefore were at a disadvantage. More civil
strife resulted. Finally a commission was sent to Greece to study the laws of Solon.
When the men returned, the laws were written down. This quieted the plebs, and
civil strife was stopped for the time being.

Romani narraverunt fabulam de legibus Romanis. In primis diebus Ro¬
mani habuerunt leges. Sed soli patricii sciverunt leges Romanas. Plebs non
scivit leges. Ergo plebs in periculo fuit. Plebs non amavit periculum. Et
plebs non am£vit patricios. Plebs dixerunt quod patricii non amaverunt
plebem—patricii non scripserunt leges. Plebs in periculo est quia patricii
non scripserunt leges. Patricii mali sunt. Non sunt boni. Ergo rursus pugna
fuit in urbe. Cives pugnaverunt cum civibus. Patricii pugnaverunt cum
plebe. Plebs pugnavit cum patriciis. In primis diebus, quando plebs pug-
navit cum patriciis, plebs non remansit in urbe. Plebs venit in Montem
Sacrum. Sed plebs non remansit semper in Monte Sacro. Plebs rursus venit
in urbem quando patricii dederunt tribunos plebis. Sed nunc plebs rem&nsit
in urbe. Plebs non venit in Montem Sacrum. Plebs non remansit in urbe
quia amaverunt patricios. Plebs remansit in urbe quia amaverunt Romam.
Ergo senatus Romanus misit viros in Graeciam. Viri Romani viderunt
leges Solonis (of Solon). Leges Solonis bonae fuerunt. Postquam viri
Romini viderunt leges Solonis in Graecia, rursus venerunt in terrain
Romanam. Rursus venerunt in urbem. Senatus scripsit leges. Plebs rursus
vicit patricios. Patricii enim scripserunt leges. Postquam patricii scripse¬
runt leges, plebs non habuit pugnam cum patriciis. Plebs non fuit in pe¬
riculo magno. Plebs sciverunt leges. Leges bonae fuerunt.

d e-about
narravit -told
tabula-legend
1 ex-law

solus -alone, only

scivil-knew

scripsit-wrofe

quia-frecause

misit-se/ir

VOCABULARIUM

misit-.se/ir

fabula, a-legend

scivit-fc/iew

lex, lege-/aw

scripsit-HTO/e

quia-frecaH.se

solus-a/o/ie, only

Rursus Videamus Formas Veteres

We have learned that there are five sets of endings for
nouns, which we call five declensions. We have learned
to distinguish one declension from another by means
of the ablative singular form (we have to add the num¬
ber 5 for the fifth since it has -e, and the third declension
also has -e on some nouns). A noun never changes its
declension—it always stays in the same family of end¬
ings. We have seen nearly all the forms of three cases in
the five declensions (all except the nominative of

fourth and fifth declensions). Let us review them all.
We shall put the singular in one line, the plural in
another.

Nom.

Obj.

Abl.

nauta

naut am

nauta

nautae

naut as

naut is

agnus

agn um

agn o

agni

agn os

agn is

lex

legem

lege

leges

legibus

senatus

senatum

senatu

senatus

senat ibus

dies

diem

die

dies

diefrus

Circuluslatinus.org

Of course, we remember that the nominative singular of
second declension may have other forms (such as: vir,
ager) and also, the nominative of third may have various
forms. In lesson nine we shall learn the nominative
plurals of fourth and fifth.

Exerceamus Nos
Watch for patterns!

Romani habuerunt leges multas. Romani fuerunt magni
bello. Romani boni fuerunt consfliis. Romani fuerunt
boni legibus bonis. Sed primis diebus plebs non scivit
leges. Plebs leges bonas voluerunt. Columbus scivit
legem. Sed agnus albus non scivit legem: ergo agnus
albus venit in scholam. Galli non sciverunt legem Ro-
manam, quia Galli non fuerunt Romani. Galli ceperunt
fere totam urbem Romanam. Galli exclamaverunt voce
magna. Galli Romanos vicerunt magna potestate. Sed
Galli non ceperunt Capitolium. Viri fortes dormiebant
in Capitolio. Sed anseres non dormiebant. Anseres audi-
verunt Gallos. Anseres voce magna exclamaverunt.
Romani pugnaverunt magna fortitudine. Quando Galli

fuerunt in urbe, plebs non pugnavit cum patriciis. Et
patricii non pugnaverunt cum plebe. Plebs enim pug¬
navit cum Gallis. Sed Galli exercitum Romanum vice¬
runt. Galli non remanserunt in urbe. Romani enim
Gallos vicerunt pecunia. Cincinnatus non fuit in urbe
quando Galli venerunt. Senatus non fecit Cincinnatum
Dictatorem quando Galli venerunt. Senatus non misit
Cincinnatum in Graeciam. Isabella misit Columbum in
Americam. Columbus in Americam venit multis navi-
bus. Sed Columbus non invenit Indiam. Agni albi non
fuerunt in navibus. Cincinnatus non fuit in schola. Sed
Cincinnatus bonus consfliis fuit. Primis diebus Romani
non habuerunt scholas. Sed Romani habuerunt agnos
albos. Primis diebus agni albi non fuerunt in schola,
quia Romani non habuerunt scholas. Agni albi in agris
fuerunt. Marcus non vidit Mariam in Graecia, quia
Maria non fuit in Graecia. Graeci fuerunt in Graecia.
Sed Romani etiam fuerunt in Graecia quando viderunt
leges Solonis. Romani dixerunt quod Graeci fuerunt
boni legibus bonis. Solon fuit vir bonus consfliis. Fuftne
Columbus Graecus? Non. Columbus venit ex Italia.
Graeci fuerunt in Graecia.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO NOVA

De nominativo in declinationibus quarto et quinto
De infinitivo

Preliminary note: Today we are going to begin to use the present infinitive. In
Latin, these present infinitives all end in -re. Translate them with the word “to” in
English. For example: servare -to save.

Summary: The Romans were almost constantly at war—if not with foreigners, with
one another. The Greeks in Southern Italy, called Magna Graecia, began to fear
Rome. They invited the King of Epirus, Pyrrhus, to destroy Rome. Pyrrhus scared
the Romans with the elephants. But he was not successful, and finally returned home.

Romani fere semper bellum habuerunt. Quando bellum cum aliis nationi-
bus non habuerunt, patricii pugnaverunt cum plebe. Quando patricii non
pugnaverunt cum plebe, bellum habuerunt cum aliis. Ergo fere semper
Roma in bellis fuit. Roma fuit magna bellis. Graeci non solum in Graecia
fuerunt: Graeci etiam fuerunt in Italia meridionali. Dixerunt quod Italia
meridionalis fuit “Magna Graecia.” Graeci timuerunt potestatem Ro¬
manam. Graeci voluerunt servare urbes Graecas a Romanis. Voluerunt
defendere terram Graecam a Romanis. Voluerunt servare terrain Graecam
a Romanis. Ergo Graeci miserunt legatos in Epirum. In Epiro rex fuit
Pyrrhus. Graeci rogaverunt Pyrrhum venire. Pyrrhus venit in Italiam.
Venit cum exercitu. Venit etiam cum elephantis. Romani timuerunt ele¬
phantos. Romani non viderunt elephantos ante hoc (this) bellum. Multi
Romani non remanserunt in pugna quando viderunt elephantos. Romani
voluerunt servare Romam. Romani voluerunt defendere terram Romanam.
Sed Romani dixerunt quod in periculo fuerunt ab elephantis. Romani potu-
erunt pugnare cum viris magnis et fortibus. Sed Romani timuerunt pugnare
cum elephantis. Elephanti magni fuerunt—viri parvi fuerunt. Romani non
potuerunt stare ante elephantos. Ergo Pyrrhus vicit Romanos. Sed Pyr¬
rhus non potuit capere urbem Romanam. Pyrrhus voluit capere urbem
Romanam. Graeci rogaverunt Pyrrhum capere urbem Romanam. Sed
non potuit. Romani vicerunt Pyrrhum aliis pugnis. Romani pugnaverunt
etiam cum elephantis. Voluerunt servare Romam. Ergo Pyrrhus non re-
mansit in Italia. Pyrrhus venit rursus in Epirum.

alius-other
natio -nation
non solum-nof only
meridionalis-sonf/i
timuit -feared
servare-/o save
a, ab-from
defender e-defend
Epkus-Epirus
rogavit-asked
venire-fo come
potuit-was able
stare-fo stand
caper e-to seize

V OCABULARIUM

posse, potuit-6e able

timere, timuit -fear

rogare, rogavit-asfc

non solum-nof only

servare, servavit-save

a\ius-other, another

Nunc

COGITEMUS

Infinitives: Notice in the vocabulary above that we
now give two forms for each verb. It will be necessary to
learn both forms. The first will be the infinitive. The

second will be the perfect tense, the form we have been
accustomed to using. Notice that all regular infinitives
end in -re (posse is irregular—there are only a few
irregular infinitives). Notice that each vowel ahead of
the -re is different. For different verbs you may find an
-are, -ere or -ire. We shall see about that later on. But
now we need to pick up the infinitives of the verbs we
have already learned in the first eight lessons. That is
not a large task for we have learned only about two
dozen verbs. We can pick them up a bit at a time: a
dozen now, a dozen later. They are not hard to learn,
because they are so obviously similar to the parts we

Circuluslatinus.org

already know, and all end in -re, except for a very few
irregular ones. To make it easy let us list a dozen now:

amare, amavit-/ove esse, imi-be (notice that

audire, audwit-hear esse is irregular )

cadere, cecidit-/a// exclamare, exclamavit-

capere, cepit -take, capture shout
creare, creavit -create expellere, expulit-dr/ve out

dare, dedit -give facere, fecit-make, do

dicere, dixit-say habere, habuit-/iave

Notice that the first letter e in the ending -ere of habere is
a long e. Therefore we put the accent on that letter thus:
habere. The accent does not fall on the first e of the other
-ere endings in this list e.g., capere is accented on the a.
We shall write the accent on the e of such infinitives as
habere, to make it easy to pronounce them correctly.
And besides, that difference of accent will be useful for
something else later on. Those in -are and -ire are always
-are and -ire.

Nominative of Fourth and Fifth Declensions:
There are only two endings to learn—we already know
the nominative singulars: fourth has -us; fifth has -es.
The nominative plurals are the same as the singulars in
these declensions. Therefore we now know nearly all
the endings of the five declensions (a few other forms
to come later).

Exerceamus Nos
Watch for infinitive patterns.

Maria voluit videre agnum. Agnus voluit videre scho-
lam. Agnus audivit multas res in schola. Sed agnus non
audivit porcos in schola. Porci non fuerunt in schola.

Marcus voluit amare Mariam. Maria voluit capere
Marcum. Isabella potuit dare pecuniam. Romani po-
tuerunt expellere Gallos ex urbe. Romani Gallos ex-
pulerunt pecunia. Cincinnatus voluit esse bonus.
Tarquinius voluit esse rex. Exercitus Romanus potuit
servare urbem ab exercitu Gallico. Horatius non potuit
timere—Horatius fortis Romanus fuit. Anseres vol-
uerunt servare Romam. Columbus voluit habere naves
bonas. Columbus venit in Americam navibus bonis.
Pyrrhus habuit multos elephantos. Pyrrhus etiam fuit
bonus consiliis. Magna Graecia fuit in Italia meridionali.
Fuitne Magna Graecia magna? Fuitne alia Graecia? Ubi
fuit alia Graecia? Fuitne alia Graecia parva? Non. Alia
Graecia fuit maior quam ( larger than ) Graecia Magna.
Ergo quando Graeci dixerunt quod Magna Graecia fuit
magna, non dixerunt veritatem. Magna enim Graecia
non fuit maior quam Graecia. Fueruntne nautae in
Magna Graecia? CJtique (yes) multi nautae fuerunt in
Magna Graecia. Multi nautae fuerunt etiam in Graecia.
Graeci boni nautae fuerunt. Romani etiam boni nautae
fuerunt. Venitne Pyrrhus solus ex Epiro? Non. Non
venit solus. Venit cum multis viris aliis. Venit etiam cum
multis elephantis. Romani non potuerunt amare ele¬
phantos. Romani timuerunt elephantos. Romani non
rogaverunt elephantos venire in urbem. Maria non
rogavit agnum venire in scholam. Columbus non rogavit
porcos venire in navem.

English to Latin

From now on, we shall take just a few sentences from
English to Latin. That is, naturally, more difficult than
Latin to English. It calls for more exactness. But it is
excellent exercise.

1. Mary loved the lamb. 2. Mary wanted to find the
lamb. 3. The Romans conquered Pyrrhus.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA

De nominibus neutralibus

Summary: There was a great mercantile city in north Africa, Carthage, founded
from Phoenicia in the 9th century B.C. Vergil was wrong in saying Dido founded it
in the 12th century. Their ships sailed every sea, for trade. Rome was not fond
of trade at this time. But the Carthaginians were not fond of service in their army.
Rome preferred agriculture to trade.

In Africa septentrionali fuit urbs magna—Carthago. Carthaginienses
fuerunt mercatores. Multas naves habuerunt. Mercaturam fecerunt cum
multis nationibus. Carthaginienses boni fuerunt mercatura. Multam
pecuniam habuerunt. Poeta Romanus, Vergilius, dixit quod Dido fundavit
Carthaginem. Sed veritatem non dixit. Coloni ex Phoenicia fundaverunt
Carthaginem. (Phoenicia est terra in Asia). Vergilius putavit quod Dido
fundavit Carthaginem in saeculo duodecimo (XII). Sed Vergilius non
dixit veritatem. Coloni ex Phoenicia fundaverunt Carthaginem (proba-
biliter saeculo nono (IX) ante Christum. Ergo Vergilius non*>arravit
veritatem—narravit fabulam. Quia Carthaginienses venerunt ex Phoe¬
nicia, Romani dederunt aliud nomen: Punici. Carthaginienses fuerunt
Punici. Punici miserunt naves in multa maria, in multas terras. Carthagi¬
nienses etiam habuerunt exercitum. Sed viri Carthaginienses non voluerunt
pugnare—Carthaginienses voluerunt mercaturam facere—voluerunt ha¬
bere multam pecuniam. Mercatores Punici venerunt etiam in Siciliam.
Multae naves venerunt in mari ad Siciliam. Romani non fuerunt magni
mercatura. Romani amaverunt agros. Romani amaverunt pugnare et
fortes esse. Romani fuerunt boni fortitudine.

septentrionalis-norf/i
mercator-merchant
mercatura -trade
co\onus-colonist
putavit -thought
saeculum -century, age
nomen -name
mar e-sea

VOCABULARIUM

We include the remaining dozen old verbs, to learn
the infinitives. In addition, we shall learn only three
nouns—that makes it easy.

lacere, iccit-throw
invenire, invenit -find
mittere, misit-send
parare, paravit -prepare
regnare, regnavit -rule .
remanere, remansit-
remain

scire, scivit-fcnow

mare, i -sea
nomen, noj
saeculum, <

scribere, scnpsit-wr/te
stare, stetit-^tond
velle, voluit-wa/i/, will
( irregular )
venire, venit-come
videre, vidit-jee
vincere, vicit -conquer

nine-name
i- century, age

Nunc Cogitemus

Nouns with Nominative and Objective Plural in
-A: There are some nouns whose nominative and ob¬

jective plurals end in -a. These belong to the second
and the third declension (there are a few in fourth—we
shall see them later). We have met only seven of them
so far. Here they are, with their nominative and ob¬
jective plurals. Note the identical endings in the nomina¬
tive and objective.

Singular

Plural

bellum

bella

Similarly for:

consilium

consilia

forum

fora

periculum

pericula

saeculum

saecula

mare

maria

nomen

nomina

All but mare and nomen belong to the second family.
Notice that the nominative singular is the same as the
objective singular. That is true of all neuter nouns in all
declensions. So in second declension, we have some

Circuluslatinus.org

nominatives in -um, and in third declension, the ob¬
jective singular may be something other than -em.

Notice that the nominative and objective plurals all
have -a —both in second and in third declension. But
some have not merely -a, but -ia. How can we tell when
to use the -ial It is obvious in second declension—when
the nominative singular has -ium, the nom.-obj. plural
will be -ia. But it is easy in third declension. Some third
declension words use -e for the ablative: these have
only -a, for example: nomen, nomine has nomina for
plural. But some use -i in the ablative: these will have
-ia for nom.-obj. plural of neuter nouns: e.g., mare, -i
has maria for plural.

How can we tell which nouns will have one of these
-a endings? In the second declension, all nouns whose
nominative ends in -um will have the -a endings. In
third declension, we have a longer rule: all nouns whose
nominative ends in: -n, -t, -men, -ma, -e, -al, or -ar are
neuter and will have the -a endings. But we will
see more of this in the next lesson.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
Find all neuter patterns.

Romani multa bella habuerunt primis saeculis. Senatus
Romanus habuit multa consilia bona. Et Roma etiam
habuit fora multa. Quia Roma multa bella habuit, etiam
habuit multa pericula. Romani habuerunt pericula in
pugnis. Etiam habuerunt pericula in mari. Quia Ro¬
mani miserunt naves in multa maria. Carthaginienses

etiam miserunt naves in multa maria. Carthaginienses
boni mercatura fuerunt. Sed Romani viri fortes fuerunt.
Nomen Romanum magnum fuit. Columbus etiam
habuit nomen magnum. Et agnus albus habuit nomen
magnum. Agnus albus venit in scholam; multi agni non
potuerunt venire in scholam. Tarquinius voluit regnare
in terra Romana. Sed non potuit remanere in terra Ro-
mana. Romani potuerunt expellere Tarquinium. Exer-
citus Etruscus venit ad urbem. Sed non potuerunt vin-
cere exercitum Romanum. Columbus potuit invenire
Americam. Isabellarogaviteum (him) invenireIndiam.
Columbus non potuit scire Indiam. Non potuit stare in
India. Stetit in America. Sed non potuit videre Status
Foederatos Americae. Status Foederati non fuerunt in
America quando Columbus venit. Columbus non potuit
iacere pecuniam in mare—Columbus non habuit pecu-
niam. Senatus voluit mittere Romanos viros in Grae-
ciam. Viri voluerunt videre leges Graecas. Leges
Graecae fuerunt bonae. Elephanti sunt in Africa. Suntne
elephanti in America? Otique, elephanti sunt in Circo.
Elephanti sunt animalia magna. Animal magnum est
bonum. Marcus est vir fortis. Sed non potuit iacere ele-
phantum. Sed Marcus potuit stare in navi. Marcus
bonus nauta fuit. Mali nautae non potuerunt stare in
navibus.

English to Latin

1. The Romans were in danger. 2. Marcus was able to
come to the city. 3. Marcus said that Columbus was
good.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO UNDECIMA

De concordia adiectivi cum substantivo

Summary: There were three Punic wars. The Mamertini, a band of brigands in con¬
trol of Messana, were at war with Hiero of Syracuse. The Mamertini appealed to
Rome to help. This meant war with Carthage, whose trade interests were involved
in Sicily. Carthage, a great sea power, had the advantage. But Rome overcame it,
and won the war.

Roma gessit tria (III) bella cum Carthagine. Fuerunt ergo tria bella
Punica. Bellum Punicum est bellum Carthaginiense. Primum bellum
Punicum venit in medio saeculo tertio (III) ante Christum. Messana fuit
urbs in Sicilia. Viri mali regnaverunt in Messana. Nomen eorum fuit
Mamertini. Mamertini pugnaverunt cum Hierone. Hiero fuit rex in alia
urbe in Sicilia. Hiero fuit rex Syracusarum. Ergo Mamertini, viri mali,
pugnaverunt cum rege Syracusarum. Mamertini in periculo fuerunt.
Mamertini miserunt legatos ad senatum Romanum. Legati rogaverunt
senatum mittere auxilium. Romani miserunt exercitum ad Mamertinos.

Sed Carthaginienses non voluerunt Romanos esse in Sicilia. Carthagi¬
nienses voluerunt mercaturam facere in Sicilia. Ergo voluerunt expellere
Romanos. Itaque Romani bellum gesserunt cum Carthaginiensibus.
Primum bellum Punicum fuit. Punici habuerunt multas et bonas naves.
Romani non habuerunt bonas naves. Sed Romani fecerunt naves multas.
Miserunt viros fortes multos in naves. Carthaginienses non habuerunt
multos fortes viros in navibus. Ergo Romani potuerunt vincere Carthagi¬
nienses. Punici non remanserunt in Sicilia. Punici dederunt pecuniam mul-
tam. Itaque Romani vicerunt Carthaginem in primo bello Punico. Vicerunt
anno ducentesimo quadragesimo primo ( 241 ) ante Christum. Carthagi¬
nienses non amaverunt Romanos. Oderunt Romanos. Sed Romani laeti
fuerunt. Habuerunt victoriam egregiam.

gessit -waged
in medio saeculo
tertio-m middle (of)
third century
eorum-o/ them
Syracusarum-o/ Syracuse
auxilium -help
mercatura -trade
itaqu e-and so
odit-hated
laetus -glad
egregius -excellent

VOCABULARIUM

gerere, gessit-wage, wear

auxilium, o -help

-, odit-hate

egregius, a, um -excellent

(odit has no present

laetus, a, um -glad

infinitive )

victoria, a -victory

ltaque-and so

Nunc Cogitemus

Use of Medius: Notice the expression above: in medio
saeculo tertio : in the middle of the third century. The
word medius in Latin is an adjective. But when it goes
with a noun, we must supply the word of in English be¬
tween the word middle and the noun: that is, we must
say: middle of.

Gender: There are three genders: masculine, feminine,
and neuter. In English we say a word is masculine if it
stands for anything male—feminine if it stands for any¬
thing female, and neuter if it stands for a thing. But in
Latin we do not care about the sex of the object that
the word stands for—Latin has an artificial, grammati¬
cal type of gender. For example: a ship is a thing, but
the word for ship, navis is feminine—a ship is a she. And
trade, mercatura, is a thing, but the Latin word is femi¬
nine. We do not need to memorize the gender of every
noun in Latin. We have handy rules that cover many
(not all) words. Here they are:

1. All nouns of first declension are feminine unless
they obviously denote a male. For example: nauta
is obviously masculine (or used to be before the
Waves came).

Circuluslatinus.org

2. In the second declension, nouns in -um are neuter:
others are masculine.

3. In the fourth declension, all -us nouns are mascu¬
line except domus (feminine—means house ) and
manus (feminine—means hand or band).

4. In the fifth declension, all are feminine except dies,
which is masculine.

5. In the third declension, neuters have the nomina¬
tive singular in: -n, -t, -men, -ma (these will have
ablative in -e); or in: -e, -al, -ar. (These will have
ablative singular in -i) . But there is no good rule
to distinguish masculines and feminines in the
third declension; hence it is necessary to learn the
gender with each noun.

Practical Rule: We shall indicate the gender of all
third declension nouns (and any others that are not ob¬
vious) by means of an adjective in the vocabulary. It is
easier to learn a pair of words, than to memorize the
gender separately. The form of the adjective will show
the gender: for example: (here are all the third de¬
clension nouns we have learned thus far)

bonus civis—the -us ending is masculine (see rule 2
above)

bona lex—the -a ending is feminine (see rule 1 above)
magnum mare—the -um ending is neuter (see rule 2
above)

bonum nomen—neuter
magna navis—feminine
bonus pons—masculine
magna potestas—feminine
bonus rex—masculine
magna urbs—feminine
magna veritas—feminine

Agreement of Adjectives and Nouns: The list of
forms we have just seen brings us to study another rule.
It will not disturb us, as we have been seeing it used in the
stories all along. Here it is: AN ADJECTIVE MUST
AGREE WITH ITS NOUN IN THREE THINGS:
1. GENDER 2. NUMBER 3. CASE
Take the example: bonus civis. The word civis is
masculine—so is bonus. The word civis is singular—so
is bonus. The word civis is nominative—so is bonus.
But notice that bonus does not agree with civis in
declension —bonus has second declension endings when
it is masculine or neuter (and first declension when it is
feminine)—but bonus never gets a third declension
ending.

There are two classes of adjectives:

1. The bonus type has three sets of endings—
second declension for masculine

first declension for feminine
second declension for neuter.

2. Third declension type has all its endings in the
third declension (for all genders).

Therefore, the bonus type uses first and second
declension endings—the third declension type uses only
third declension endings. We already know nearly all
these endings. But today we shall review those of the
bonus type. In Lesson 13, we shall see about the third
declension type. Here are all the endings of bonus (all
of which we know).

Masculine Feminine

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

bonus

boni

bona

bonae

Obj.

bonum

bonos

bonam

bonas

Abl.

bono

bonis

bona

bonis

Neuter

Singular

Plural

Nom

bonum

bona

Obj.

bonum

bona

Abl.

bono

bonis

N.B. In the vocabulary WE SHALL LIST ALL
BONUS TYPE ADJECTIVES THUS: BONUS, A,
UM: THE THREE FORMS ARE THE NOMINA¬
TIVE SINGULAR MASCULINE, FEMININE,
AND NEUTER.

And now, to help us get used to this idea of agreement—

Exerceamus Nos
Look for agreement patterns.

Roma habuit cives bonos. Roma vicit Carthaginem
magnis navibus. Columbus dixit veritatem magnam.
Senatus Romanus scripsit leges bonas. Naves multae
fuerunt in mari magno. Carthago magna fuit mercatura
multa ( the last two words are ablative). Romani ex-
pulerunt regem malum. Agnus albus venit in bonam
scholam. Mundus est magnus. Romani gesserunt bella
multa. Romani oderunt malos cives. Romani voluerunt
esse magni. Romani habuerunt nomen bonum. Hiero
non fuit rex malus. Sed Tarquinius non est rex bonus.
Romani iecerunt ignem in magnum pontem. Romani

Circuluslatinus.org

vic6runt potest&te magna. Pu611a non est parva. Sed
agnus parvus est. Carthagini6nses volu6runt habere
pecuniam multam. Volu6runt habere mercaturam mag-
nam. Boni mercatura fu6runt. Bello Punico primo,
Romani fec£runt multas naves bonas. Bonae naves
fu6runt in m&ribus multis. Senatus Romanus dedit multa
egr6gia consflia. Romani ven6runt in urbem magnam.

Urbs Rom&na bona fuit. Carthago 6tiam fuit bona
urbs.

English to Latin

1. Columbus knew a great truth. 2. Isabella had much
money. 3. Rome had great citizens.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DUODECIMA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: After the first Punic War, Carthage was in need of money and trade—
they had paid a heavy indemnity to Rome. Hamilcar, father of Hannibal, went
to Spain as general. Hannibal went with him. According to legend, Hannibal put his
hand on the altar and swore eternal hatred against Rome. When he became general,
Hannibal attacked Saguntum, a city friendly to Rome. Rome demanded the recall
of Hannibal. It was refused. War starts.

Post bellum Punicum primum pax fuit. Sed Carthaginienses non habuerunt
pecuniam multam. Roma enim accepit aurum multum a Carthaginiensibus
post bellum primum. Carthago ergo non habuit multum aurum. Necesse
fuit invenire terras novas. Necesse fuit venire in Hispaniam. Quia in
Hispania fuit aurum multum. Et mercatores Carthaginienses potuerunt
facere mercaturam multam in Hispania. Hannibal fuit puer Carthaginien-
sis. Pater Hannibalis (of Hannibal) fuit imperator Carthaginiensis mag-
nus. Pater Hamilcar fuit. Hamilcar fuit vir fortis, et imperator bonus.
Hamilcar fuit bonus consiliis. Romani narraverunt fabulam de Hannibale.
Dixerunt quod Hannibal, quando in Hispania fuit cum patre, Hamilcare,
posuit manum in altare et promisit odium aeternum contra Romanos.
Fuitne veritas in fabula? Nescimus (we do not know). Sed Hannibal,
quando vir fuit, gessit bellum magnum cum Romanis. Urbs magna fuit in
Hispania—nomen urbis (of the city) fuit Saguntum. Hannibal voluit
capere Saguntum. Sed Saguntini amaverunt Romanos. Et Romani ama-
verunt Saguntinos. Ergo Saguntini miserunt legatos ad Romanos. Legati
venerunt in senatum Romanum. Legati Saguntini rogaverunt auxilium.
Rogaverunt Romanos venire exercitu magno. Ergo Romani miserunt
legatos in senatum Carthaginiensem. Legati Romani dixerunt quod
necesse fuit revocare Hannibalem. Sed Carthaginienses non revocaverunt
Hannibalem. Carthago odit Romam. Ergo Romani miserunt exercitum
magnum contra Hannibalem. Itaque gesserunt bellum Punicum secundum.

pa x-peace
accepit -received
auTum-gold
post -after
necess e-necessary
Hispania-Spa/n
puer-6oy
pater-father
imperator -general
posuit-pwf
manus'/jand
altar e-altar
promisit-promised
odium-hatred
aeiernum-eternal
contra -against
revocar e-recall

V OCABULARIUM

accipere, accepit -receive

manus, u-hand (feminine

ponere, posuit-pwf, place

gender)

promittere, promisit-

necesse ( only form )

promise

-necessary

contra (with obj. case)

odium, o-hatred

-against

bonus pater, ire-father

post (with obj. case)-after bona pax, pac e-peace

aurum, o -gold
bonus \mperktox-general

puer, puero -boy

Iterum Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say: to conquer, to fall, to do, to be, to
give, to capture, to wish, to send, to know, to throw?

2. Supply the proper form of magnus to go with each
of these words:

a) ablative case: navibus, legibus, potestatibus,
imperatoribus, urbibus

b) objective case: reges, maria, pontes, veritates,
consilia, nomina.

3. How do you say: they captured, they created, they
gave, he had, he found, they wished, he put, they
waged?

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Hannibal promisit odium aeternum contra Romanos.
Romani acceperunt victoriam egregiam. Nomen Ro¬
manum magnum fuit. Romani non magni fuerunt mer-
catura. Sed Carthaginienses magni fuerunt mercatura.
Romani magni fuerunt bello et victoriis. Mercatores

Circuluslatinus.org

amaverunt habere multum aurum in manibus. Non est
necesse habere aurum multum. Aurum est bonum, sed
non est necesse habere aurum. Romani habuerunt bel-
lum cum Carthagine saeculo tertio (III) ante Christum.
Pater Hannibalis fuit imperator bonus. Columbus posuit
aurum multum in naves. Sed Columbus non posuit
agnos multos in naves. Agni enim non amaverunt mare.
Agni non fuerunt nautae. Fuitne Maria nauta? Non, sed
Marcus fuit nauta. Et Columbus fuit nauta. Columbus
potuit invenire Americam. Columbus vidit Isabellam
in Hispania.

Post bellum, Carthaginienses voluerunt invenire
pacem. Pax est bona. Rom&ni non potuerunt habere
pacem aeternam. Ouando fuit pax in terra Romana?
Fere semper bellum fuit. Romini non oderunt bellum.
Sed bellum habere fuit necesse. In rebus humanis, pax
non semper est. Carthaginienses non semper dixerunt

veritatem. Sed etiam Romani non semper dixerunt
veritatem. Romani amaverunt verit&tem. Sed Romani
non semper potuerunt invenire veritatem. Romani mi-
serunt legatos in senatum Carthaginiensem. Sed Car¬
thaginienses etiam miserunt legatos. Volueruntne
Carthaginienses habere pacem? Habuitne Hannibal
elephantos? Otique, Hannibal h^buit multos elephintos.
Hannibal misit multos elephintos contra Romanos in
pugnis. Sed Rom&ni non timuerunt elephintos. Ro¬
mani viri fortes fuerunt. Romani potuerunt vincere
elephantos. Rom&ni laeti fuerunt quia victoriam
habuerunt.

English to Latin

1. When did Hannibal come? 2. Hamilcar said that
Rome was bad. 3. But Rome wanted peace.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA TERTIA

De adiectivis tertiae declinationis
De tempore plusquam perfecto

Summary: Saguntum fell. The soldiers plundered the town. They then marched
through Spain, across the Pyrenees Mountains through Gaul and after much light¬
ing came to the Alps. The soldiers started to cross, after Hannibal calmed their
fears. On the descent they came to a steep cliff. Since it could not be avoided, they
heated the rock, poured vinegar on it, and then cut paths (so says the legend). Thus
all, even elephants, came down.

Saguntum cecidit. Milites Punici venerunt in urbem. In urbe ceperunt
multum aurum. Etiam ceperunt alia bona. Sed Hannibal non voluit
remanere. Hannibal voluit venire in terram Romanam. Ergo Hannibal et
milites fecerunt iter. Venerunt per Hispaniam. Venerunt trans montes
Pyrenaeos in Galliam. Sed Hannibal non remansit in Gallia. Voluit videre
Romam. Necesse fuit pugnare fortitudine magna. Hannibal ergo, cum
militibus, iter fecit per Galliam. Venerunt ad Alpes. Alpes sunt montes
magni. Milites timuerunt Alpes. Sed Hannibal fortis fuit. Hannibal dixit
quod non fuit necesse timere Alpes. Milites laudaverunt Hannibalem. Non
iam timuerunt Alpes. Itaque ascenderunt montes. Exercitus Romanus
voluit pugnare cum Hannibale in Gallia. Sed non potuerunt, quia Hannibal
non remansit in Gallia. Hannibal et milites ascenderunt Alpes. Etiam ele-
phanti venerunt cum Hannibale et exercitu Punico. Sed in Alpibus vene¬
runt ad rupem arduam. Milites non potuerunt descendere. Elephanti non
potuerunt descendere. Historia Romana scripsit fabulam magnam de rupe
ardua. Fabula dixit quod milites Punici fecerunt viam in rupe: ignem
posuerunt in rupe—rupes mollitur (is softened) aceto—itaque vias
fecerunt in rupe. Estne veritas in fabula? Probabiliter non est veritas in
fabula. Sed—fabula dixit—Hannibal et exercitus Punicus descenderunt,
cum elephantis per viam in rupe.

mi\es-soldier
bona -good things
iter -journey
per-through
mons-mountain
trans -across
\audk\'it-praised
non iam-no longer
ascendit -climbed
rupes ardua-sfeep cliff
descendere-^o down
d e-about
\ia-path
ignis -fire
acetum -vinegar
probabiWieT-probably

VOCABULARIUM

de- (with ablative)

acer, acris, acre, acri-

about, concerning,

sharp, eager, keen

down from

ferox, icroci-fierce

non iam-no longer

fortis, e, i -brave, strong

per (with objective)-

gradus, u -step

through

magnum iter, itiner e-journey
bonus miles, mi\\\t-soldier

magnus mons.

monte-mountain

Nunc Cogitemus

Third Declension Adjectives: Most third declen¬
sion adjectives are declined like fortis :

Singular Plural

Nom.

fortis

forte

fortes

fortia

Obj.

fortem

forte

fortes

fortia

Abl.

forti

fortibus

(Like navis) (Like mare)

Notice that in the nominative singular, fortis has two
forms: fortis and forte. If we know that, plus the fact that
the ablative has -i (as practically all third declension
adjectives do)—we can figure out the rest. For we will
know that the nominative plural neuter will be -ia.

If then we use the old rule, that the nominative is the
same as the objective in the neuter (both in singular and
in plural) then we immediately know that the objective
singular neuter must be forte, and the neuter plural

Circuluslatinus.org

must be fortia. The nominative singular form fortis is
both masculine and feminine.

But some third declension adjectives have three forms
in the nominative singular. Such as: acer, acris, acre in
today’s vocabulary. What then?—no real difference—it
behaves just like fortis everywhere except in the nomina¬
tive singular feminine, for which there is the special form
acris. Other forms work just as if it were: acer, acre —to
match: fortis, forte.

Still other third declension adjectives have only one
form in the nominative singular: ferox is an example.
That one form serves for all three genders. How do we
decline it? Just use our rules and we cannot miss: the
objective singular masculine and feminine will be:
ferdcem —but the neuter will be ferox (same as nomina¬
tive). Similarly for the objective plurals: ferdces and
ferdcia (which are also, in this instance, nominatives).
But to make it easy, let us write it all out:

Singular Plural

Nom.

ferox

feroces

ferocia

Obj.

ferocem

ferox

feroces

ferocia

Abl.

feroci

ferocibus

Therefore there are three types of third declension
adjectives—but there is no real difficulty, for the dif¬
ferences come only in the nominative singular: they may
have one, two, or three forms for the nominative
singular.

IN THE VOCABULARY WE SHALL GIVE THE
ONE, TWO, OR THREE FORMS OF THE NOMI¬
NATIVE SINGULAR, FOLLOWED BY THE AB¬
LATIVE SINGULAR OF THESE THIRD DECLEN¬
SION ADJECTIVES.

Pluperfect Tense (Time): How do we say: He had
come? Very easy. Just take venit, which means: he
came, he has come, and change the -it to -erat. And, by
using -erant, we get: They had come:

venerat—he had come venerant—they had come.

We can make this change on any verb. We call it the
pluperfect or past perfect tense (time). It is one notch
farther in the past than the perfect (dixit).

Adjectives Used as Nouns: In Lesson 7 we found
that we could use the masculine form of adjectives,
WITHOUT ANY NOUN. We then supplied some
noun in English—such as people, or men. Now we find
that we can do the same with the neuter form of an
adjective: therefore

bonum means a good thing
bonus means a good man
boni means good men
bona means good things

The possibilities are numerous—but all easy to follow:

Exerceamus Nos

Watch for pluperfect “had” patterns.

Hannibal habuit odium acre contra Romanos. Romani
vicerant Carthaginem in primo bello Punico. Ergo
Carthaginienses feroces fuerunt. In primo bello, Punici
fuerant boni mflites. Hannibal venit cum exercitu trans
montes. Mflites voluerunt aurum multum accipere.
Hannibal promfserat multum aurum. Ergo mflites laeti
fuerunt quando ceperunt Saguntum. Exercitus Ro-
manus venit contra Hannibalem. Senatus misit mflites
egregios. Mflites egregii fortitudine fuerunt. In primo
bello Punico mflites Romani fuerant in navibus—nunc
sunt in Gallia. Sed non potuerunt invenire Hannibalem
in Gallia. Quia Hannibal venerat ad Alpes. Hannibal
fecerat vias multas in rupe ardua. Mflites posuerant
acetum in rupe. Elephanti laeti fuerunt—elephanti non
voluerunt remanere in Alpibus. Elephanti amaverunt
Africam. Elephanti timuerunt ignem. Sed mflites non
timuerant ignem. Agnus albus non amavit ignem.
Horatius non amavit ignem. Ignis ceciderat in pontem
—et Horatius cecidit in aquam. Columbus non odit
Isabellam. Isabella dederat pecuniam et naves. Maria
non odit agnum album: agnus albus venerat in scholam
cum Maria. In schola Maria viderat Marcum. Marcus
non odit Mariam. Et Maria non odit Marcum.

English to Latin

1. Marcus saw the fierce soldiers. 2. The battle was
sharp. 3. He came with brave men.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA QUARTA

De voce passiva in tempore perfecto

Summary: After crossing the Alps, Hannibal won a small victory over Scipio at the
Ticinus river. Sempronius then took command for the Romans. Sempronius was
rash and impatient, and Hannibal knew it; he made a trap. He fed his men early,
and sent horsemen across the Trebia river to entice the Romans over. The Romans
had not eaten—they went through cold water, and then tried to fight. Other
Carthaginians came up behind them. Hannibal nearly wiped out the Roman army.

Hannibal et exercitus Punicus descenderant ex Alpibus. Venerant in
Italiam. In Italia invenerunt exercitum Romanum ad flumen Ticlnum.
Scipio fuit imperator Romanus. Scipio fuit imperator egregius et acer. Sed
Hannibal vicit Scipionem et exercitum Romanum. Nunc imperator Ro¬
manus est Sempronius.

Hannibal scivit quod Sempronius fuit impatiens. Hannibal ergo fecit
insldias. Hannibal dedit cibum milltibus (to the soldiers). Sed mllites
Romani non acceperant cibos. Hannibal ergo misit equites (postquam
cibum acceperant) trans flumen Trebiam. Sempronius vidit equites.
Romani mllites non acceperant cibum. Sed Sempronius misit mllites
Romanos contra equites Punicos. Romani venerunt per flumen.

Aqua frlgida fuit—et Romani non habuerant cibos. Equites Punici
habuerant cibos ante pugnam. Postquam Romani venerunt trans flumen,
necesse fuit pugnare cum milltibus Punicis. Pugna ferox fuit. Mllites
Punici acres sunt—sed mllites Romani non acceperant cibos—venerant
per flumen frlgidum. Alii mllites Punici venerunt post Romanos. Ergo
Romani non potuerunt vlncere Punicos. Hannibal habuit victoriam
egregiam. Non multi Romani remanserunt post pugnam. Romani non
fuerunt laeti. Sed mllites Punici exclamaverunt quia laeti fuerunt.

ad -near
flumen -river
impatiens -impatient
'msidiae-ambush
cibus -food
equites -horsemen
trans -across
frlgidus-coW

VOCABULARIUM

trans (with objective

magnum flumen, flumine-

case)-across

river

cibus, o -food

frlgidus, a, um-cold

bonus eques, equite-

insldiae, is (plural only)-

horseman

ambush, snare

Nunc Cogitemus

Perfect Passive: With the verb forms we know thus
far we can say certain things: thus, for example, we can
say

The Roman army conquered.
or

The Roman army has conquered.

In Latin, either one would be: Romanus exercitus vicit.

But suppose the Roman army loses—we then would
need to say:

The Roman army was conquered.
or

The Roman army has been conquered.

Notice how we make the change in English—we have
to add a word, depending on what form of the English
we wish to use. We add the words in italics above.

The forms given first, the ones we have been using
and translating by forms like vicit, those forms are
called ACTIVE. They mean that the army (or other
subject) is acting on someone else. But in the second
set, the tables are turned: the Roman army is not ACT¬
ING—it is BEING ACTED ON. Quite a difference.
Now although it is not too easy to learn the difference
of the English active and passive forms, it is much more
simple in Latin. In Latin, the active is— vicit (or plural

Circuluslatinus.org

— vicerunt). The passive is— victus est (or plural—
victi sunt).

How do we make these forms in Latin? We need to
learn a new part of the verb. This part is called the
perfect passive participle. We use it like an adjective with
est or sunt.

For the word participle means sharing in—sharing in
what? A participle is a half-breed. It is HALF verb—so
it carries the idea of something being done. It is HALF
adjective—so its endings are handled just like those of
an adjective. For example, if I want to say:

The Roman soldiers were heard—

it will be

Milites Romani auditi sunt.

For one soldier:

Miles auditus est.

Audit us, the participle, is half-adjective—so it must
agree with the subject: milites. But if the subject were
puellae, girls:

Puellae auditae sunt.

Or for one girl:

Puella audita est.

Notice that we need two words to make the perfect pas¬
sive third singular or plural:

1. The participle, which is the third part of the verb

2. est or sunt.

Participles as Adjectives: Sometimes these parti¬
ciples are used, without est or sunt, as merely adjectives
—for example, exercitus victus could mean the con¬
quered army. Or fdbula scripta could mean a written
legend.

Parts of Verbs already Learned: We must pick up
the passive participles of the verbs we already know.
For convenience, we add a table of them below. But to
make it easy, we will assign half the list to be learned
in Lesson 15, and the other half in Lesson 16—and we
will not learn any new forms in those lessons. There are
less than three dozen verbs thus far. Some of them do
not have a perfect passive participle, usually because
they cannot be passive. When there is no perfect passive
participle, we will give the future active participle (if
there is one) and mark it with an asterisk. You need
not learn that future active now, unless you want to.
But we will need it sometime.

Infinitive

Perfect Active

Perfect Passive

Meaning

accipere

accepit

acceptus

receive

amare

amavit

amatus

love

audire

audivit

auditus

hear

cadere

cecidit

*casurus

fall

capere

cepit

captus

take, capture

creare

creavit

creatus

create, make

dare

dedit

datus

give

dicere

dixit

dictus

say

esse

fuit

♦futurus

exclamare

exclamavit

exclamatus

shout

expellere

expulit

expulsus

drive out

facere

fecit

factus

make, do

gerere

gessit

gestus

wage, wear

habere

habuit

habitus

have

iacere

iecit

iactus

throw

in venire

invenit

inventus

find

mittere

misit

missus

send

odit

*osurus

hate

parare

paravit

paratus

prepare

ponere

posuit

positus

put, place

posse

potuit

be able

promittere

promisit

promissus

promise

remanere

remansit

*remansurus

remain

regnare

regnavit

regnatus

rule

rogare

rogavit

rogatus

ask

scire

scivit

scitus

know

Circuluslatinus.org

Infinitive

Perfect Active

scribere

scripsit

serv&re

servdvit

stare

stetit

timere

timuit

velle

voluit

venire

venit

videre

vidit

vincere

vicit

Perfect Passive

Meaning

scriptus

write

serv&tus

save

•staturus

stand

fear

wish, will

*venturus

come

visus

see

victus

conquer

You will soon learn to recognize certain patterns in the
parts of verbs: note especially how many run: -are,
-avit, -atus. And a fair number have: -ire, - ivit, -itus.
Pick out all examples of these kinds in the list. It is worth¬
while.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Pick out "has been” or "was” patterns.

Rom&nus exercitus victus est. Columbus missus est in
Americam. Agnus albus non est missus in scholam.
Sed agnus venit in scholam. Maria est missa in scholam.
Porci non sunt missi in scholam. Pecunia posita est in
naves. Pecunia accepta est. Galli expulsi sunt e terra
Rom4na. Bellum est promissum. Hannibal non est

captus. Bellum est gestum in G&llia. Mflites expulsi non
fuerunt laeti.

Maria est am£ta. Maria etiam amdvit Marcum. Mar¬
cus am£tus est a (by) Maria. Maria am&ta est a Marco.

Georgius Washington am£tus est a St&tibus Foeder-
£tis Americae. Cincinndtus am£tus est a civibus Ro¬
manis. Cincinndtus Romam serv&vit consiliis bonis.
Roma serv£ta est a Cincinnati). Pax non promissa est ab
Hannibdle. Hannibal promisit odium aeternum et bel¬
lum. Bellum gestum est ab Hannib41e. Hannibal non
captus est a Romanis.

English to Latin

1. The Punic army was sent into Gaul. 2. Much gold
was found. 3. The horsemen were heard.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA QUINTA

De participiis passivis

Summary: The year after Trebia, Hannibal beat Flaminius. Flaminius did not
think Hannibal would cross the Apennines in the spring. But Hannibal did it, and
came between Flaminius and Rome. Flaminius pursued, and Hannibal led him
through a narrow pass by Lake Trasimene into a trap. The Roman army was
annihilated.

Rom&nus exercitus victus est ab Hannib&le ad flumen Trebiam. In proximo
anno, Hannibal fecit &liam magnam victoriam. Iam 41ius consul fuit im-
perator Romanus. Hie consul fuit Gaius Flaminius. Gaius Flaminius dixit
quod Hannibal non potuit venire trans montes Apenninos, quia nix fuit
in montibus. Sed Hannibal non timuit nivem. Hannibal venit cum exercitu
trans montes. Venit inter Flaminium et Romam. Roma timuit. Flaminius
timuit. Non voluerunt Hannib&lem c&pere Romam. Flaminius ergo venit
ad pugnam. Sed Hannibal rursus fecit insidias. Hannibal amavit pugnare
insidiis. Flaminius et exercitus Rom&nus venerunt per angustias. Hannibal
posuerat milites Punicos post angustias in insidiis. ltaque quando exercitus
Romanus venit ex angustiis, invenerunt milites Punicos in insidiis. Milites
Punici fuerunt ante et etiam post exercitum Rom&num. Romani milites
pugnaverunt. Viri fortes fuerunt. Sed non potuerunt vincere milites Puni¬
cos. Punici enim fuerunt ante Romanos. Et etiam fuerunt post Romanos.
Romani milites vix potuerunt videre milites Punicos, quia nebulae fuerunt
ad Lacum Trasimenum. Ergo exercitus Romanus fortis victus est ab
Hannib&le. Hinnibal rursus vicerat Romanos. Hannibal fuit imper&tor
bonus et fortis.

proximus-nex/

iam-now

trans-acraw

nix-snow

inter -between

insidiae-ambush

angustia e-narrow place

vix-hardly

nebula -mist, haze

lacus -lake

V OCABULARIUM

Learn the parts of the first seventeen verbs listed in
Lesson 14.

Nunc Cogitemus

Nothing really new today. Let us digest what we learned
in the last lesson. But we might notice the new meaning
we can get from the preposition a, ab: when we use it
with one of these passive forms, it means by. We have
already seen many samples: e.g., Exercitus victus est ab
Hannibdle: The army was conquered by Hannibal.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Watch for dixit quod and perfect passive “has been”
patterns.

Marcus victus est a Maria. Marcus enim amavit Ma¬
riam. Marcus dixit quod Maria fuit agna parva. Dixitne
Maria baa ? Non. Et Maria etiam dixit quod Marcus fuit
agnus parvus. Maria amita est a Marco. In schola,
parvus agnus albus audit us est: dixit enim: baa. Et in

foro, hie parvus porcus auditus est: Dixit enim: oui!
Cincinn&tus est creatus Dictator. Sed Cincinn^tus non
voluit esse Dictator. Multa ( many things ) dicta sunt a
Cincinn4to. Multa dicta sunt a senitu Romino. Sed
Cincinn&tus etiam fecit multa et magna. Multa et magna
facta sunt a Cincinn&to. Cincinn&tus fuit magnus forti-
tudine et consiliis.

Tarquinius expulsus est a Romanis. Tarquinius voluit
remanere in urbe—sed non acceptus est. Pecunia non
est h&bita a Columbo. Sed pecunia est h&bita ab Isa¬
bella. Isabella dedit multas naves bonas. Horatius stetit
in ponte Romano. Pons factus est a Romanis. Sed ignis
est iactus in pontem. Et pons cecidit in flumen. Rominus
exercitus venit in insidias ad Lacum Trasimenum.
Hinnibal vicit Rom&nos insidiis. Multi Romani iacti
sunt in lacum. Exercitus Rominus auditus est ab Hanni-
b&le. Sed exercitus Punicus non est auditus a Rom&nis:
Punici enim fuerunt in insidiis. Multa bona consilia
facta sunt a sen&tu Romano. Multi milites feroces
fuerunt in exercitu Punico. Hannibal et eleph£nti de-
scenderunt gr&dibus. Eleph&nti non fuerunt animilia

Circuluslatinus.org

parva. Elephanti fecerunt itinera magna—venerunt
enim trans Alpes cum Hannibale. Potuitne Hannibal
iacere elephantum trans Alpes? Non. Hannibal fuit vir
fortis. Fuit etiam imperator fortis. Sed etiam imperator
fortis non potuit iacere elephantos. Sed Hannibal potuit
iacere agnum in flumen. Et etiam potuit iacere alia
animalia.

Mohammed voluit montem venire—sed mons non
venit. Ergo Mohammed venit ad montem. Potuitne

Georgius Washington iacere pecuniam trans flumen
Potomac? Otique—senatus enim Americanus potuit
etiam iacere pecuniam trans Oceanum Atlanticum.

English to Latin

1. Cincinnatus was asked to come. 2. Marcus seemed
(i.e., was seen—passive of vidire) to love Mary. 3. The
legend was written.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA SEXTA

Iterum nihil novi hodie: sed studeamus participiis passivis

Summary: After the disaster at Lake Trasimene, Q. Fabius Maximus was made
Dictator. He knew he dare not risk a pitched battle, and contented himself with
small operations. This policy was unpopular: he was labeled “The Delayer.” The
next year two consuls were elected instead of Fabius. If we may believe Livy (not
clear) Paulus favored the policy of Fabius—Varro did not. Hannibal, since they
commanded on alternate days, waited for Varro's day, and enticed him into battle
at Cannae. The result was another disaster, one of the worst in Roman history.

Postquam exercitus Romanus victus est ad Lacum Trasimenum, vir mag-
nus creatus est Dictator Romanus: Quintus Fabius Maximus. Fabius vidit
quod non potuit vincere Hannibalem statim. Ergo Fabius voluit expectare.
Quia Fabius semper voluit expectare, Romani dederunt novum nomen:
vocaverunt Fabium “Cunctatorem.” Romani non viderunt quod Fabius
bonum faciebat (was doing). Sed necesse fuit expectare. Hannibal voluit
pugnare magnam pugnam cum exercitu Romano. Cives Romani voluerunt
magnam pugnam cum Hannibale. Sed bonum fuit expectare. Fabius voluit
vincere consilio bono. Fabius ergo expectavit. Fabius non pugnavit. Sed
cives Romani non amaverunt expectare. Dixerunt: Fabius non est bonus
imperator.

Ergo proximo anno (277 BC) elegerunt duos (II) consules: Lucium
Aemilium Paulum, et Gaium Terentium Varronem. Non iam habuerunt
Fabium Dictatorem. Scriptor Romanus, Livius, dixit quod Aemilius
Paulus non voluit pugnare cum Hannibale, sed Varro voluit pugnare.
Dixitne Livius veritatem? Non est clarum. Sed, secundum Livium, Hanni¬
bal voluit pugnare—et Hannibal scivit quod Paulus non voluit pugnare,
sed Varro voluit. Paulus et Varro fuerunt imperatores in alternis diebus.
Itaque, quando Varro fuit imperator, Hannibal paravit ad pugnam. Et
Varro fecit pugnam cum Hannibale. Sed Hannibal fuit imperator bonus.
Et Varro non fuit imperator bonus. Ergo Hannibal iterum vicit Romanos.
Pugna facta est ad Cannas.

statim-af once
expectare-waif
vocavit -called
C unctator -delayer
elegit -elected
scriptor-wri/er
clarus -clear
secundum -according to
alternus -alternate
iterum -again

V OCABULARIUM

Learn the parts of the rest of the verbs listed in Lesson
14.

Nunc Cogitemus

Again nothing new today—isn’t Latin easy! But get
those participles up!

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Pax non promissa est. Sed pax est bona. Milites Romani
parati sunt ad pugnam. Imperator enim promisit pug¬
nam acrem. Milites etiam acres sunt et fortes. Non volu¬

erunt remanere in urbe, voluerunt pugnare cum Han¬
nibale. Fabius rogatus est pugnare. Roma servata est a
Fabio. Primis diebus, Roma servata est ab Horatio.
Horatius enim pugnavit in ponte. Horatius cecidit in
flumen, quia ignis cecidit in pontem. Hannibal vicit
Romanos quia Romani non acceperant cibum.

Columbus voluit invenire Indiam, sed invenit Ameri¬
can!. Itaque India non est inventa a Columbo. Agnus
albus inventus est in schola. Fuitne necesse habere
agnum in schola? Non. Non est necesse habere agnos in
schola. Sed necesse est habere pueros et puellas in
scholis. Estne necesse habere porcos in foro? Non est
necesse—Romani sunt in foro. Et Marcus Porcius Cato
est in foro. Cato fuit Romanus fortis et magnus. Cato
habuerat magnam potestatem in urbe. Cato pugnavit in

Circuluslatinus.org

multis bellis. Cato fuit ferox contra Carth£ginem. Cato
dixit quod nec6sse fuit vincere Carth&ginem.

Carthago habuit magnam potest&tem in mari. Car¬
thago fuit fortis nivibus. Sed Roma fuit fortis ex6rcitu
magno. In primo bello Punico Roma vicerat Carth£gi-
nem. Sed in bello Punico secundo Carthago fere vicit
Romam. Roma fere victa est ab Hannibale. Milites
Punici fu6runt in insidiis. Romani venerunt in insidias.
Romani iacti sunt in lacum—lacus frigidus fuit. Aqua

frigida fuit. Malum est esse in aqua frigida. Sed 6tiam
malum est esse in aqua c£lida (hot).

English to Latin

1. Hannibal was conquered by the Romans. 2. But he
had conquered the Romans in many battles. 3. Han¬
nibal was a brave general.

Circulus1atinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA SEPTIMA

De ablativo absolute

Summary: Hannibal remained at the height of his power for two or three years after
Cannae. But then Rome began to have successes. Marcellus took several cities. Scipio
was especially outstanding. After some victories in Spain, he was made consul. He
wanted to carry the war into Africa. The senate agreed if he would pay the troops.
He went and also obtained the help of Masinissa, king of Numidia. They cut off
Carthage from food supplies. Carthage recalled Hannibal. Scipio defeated him at
Zama. The war came to an end.

Postquam victi sunt ab Hannibale ad Cannas, Romani non habuerunt vic¬
torias magnas per tres (III) annos. Sed post tres annos Marcellus factus
est consul Romanus. Marcellus cepit aliquas (some) urbes. Sed Scipio
Africanus fuit maximus imperator Romanus in ultimis annis. Scipio
enim vicit exercitum Punicum in Hispania. Post victorias in Hispania,
Scipio nihilominus voluit mittere exercitum in Africam. Ergo senatus
Romanus non voluit mittere exercitum Romanum in Africam. Quidam
(certain) senatores dixerunt: “Non est necesse mittere exercitum in
Africam: Hannibal enim, maximus imperator Punicus, est in Italia.” Sed
Scipio nihilominus voluit mittere exercitum in Africam. Ergo senatus
dedit potestatem mittere exercitum in Africam. Sed non dederunt pecu-
niam pro exercitu. Ergo alii Romani pecuniam dederunt pro expeditione.

Scipio posuit milites in naves, et navigaverunt in Africam multis navibus.
In Africa fuit rex Masinissa. Masinissa fuit rex Numidiae (of Numidia).
Masinissa dedit auxilia. Scipio et Masinissa intercluserunt Carthaginem a
frumento. Ergo Carthago pacem rogavit. Etiam Hannibalem in Africam
revocaverunt. Itaque Hannibal et exercitus Punicus venerunt rursus in
Africam. Hoc facto (this having been done) Carthaginienses pacem non
servaverunt.

Sed Scipio fuit imperator magnus. Scipio vicit Hannibalem in pugna
ad Zamam. Ergo pax facta est. Roma vicerat Carthaginem in bello Punico
secundo. Carthago dedit multam pecuniam et multas naves.

maximus -greatest
mh\\6m\n\xs-nevertheless
pro -for

navigavit-sa/7ed
anxiWa-reinforcements
interclusit-cuf off
frum6ntum-£ra/n
vocavit-caf/ed

VOCABULARIUM

intercludere, interclusit, interclusus-cur off
navigare, navigavit, navigatus-ra/7
vocare, vocavit, vocatus -call
auxilia, is (plural of auxilium)-reinforcements,
auxiliaries
frumentum, o -grain
maximus, a, urn-very great, greatest
nihilominus -nevertheless
pro (withablative)-for

Nunc Cogitemus

Ablative Absolute: The Romans had something of
the spirit of a Scotch telegrapher—there are some very

handy short-cuts in the language. One of these is the
ablative absolute. It may seem odd at first, but it is not
hard to get used to it. Notice—in English we may say:

This being the case, let us go ahead.

Now in Latin, we do the same sort of thing, but put the
pattern in the ablative case (and in a greater variety
than English):

Rege expulso, Romani pugnaverunt.

This pattern is called ablative absolute. Now there is
a literal—but very crude—translation possible. It is
useful as a start:

The king HAVING BEEN expelled,
the Romans fought.

Notice how we treat the two words: rege, and expulso.
Rege, of course, is merely translated: the king. But the

Circuluslatinus.org

participle expulso becomes: having been expelled.
That is crude—but the HAVING BEEN formula is
a good way to start, to get the sense.

Please memorize a sentence containing an ablative
absolute, and its English translation—you may take
the one just given, or make up one of your own. But if
you memorize one, it will serve as a pattern.

Now that starting translation is too crude—and be¬
sides, we said that the Romans at times were men after
the heart of a Scotch telegrapher—so—we can expand
that cramped, crude translation. We have quite a choice:

1. When (or after) the king was expelled, the Ro¬
mans fought.

2. Because (or since ) the king was expelled, the
Romans fought.

3. Although the king was expelled, the Romans
fought.

4. If the king was expelled, the Romans fought.

You will find it pays richly to memorize a complete set
of sentences like the above—or at very least, to memo¬
rize the words in italics: when, after, because, although,
and if.

But there is a fifth type of expansion—not ordinarily
necessary to know, but very often handy. In it, we make
an independent clause out of the absolute and join it to
the rest of the sentence by the word and.

For example:

5. The king was expelled AND the Romans fought.
N.B. These principles on the ablative absolute are ex¬
tremely important—almost every page of a regular
Latin author will have at least one such absolute. They

are easy when you get used to them. Do it now. And
therefore—

Exerceamus Nos

Find the ablative absolute patterns.

Pace facta, milites venerunt in urbem. Romanis victis,
Carthaginienses laeti fuerunt. Hannibale viso, Fabius
non voluit pugnare. Agno viso, porci dixerunt: oink.
Urbe capta, Marcellus misit legatos ad Fabium. Bello
gesto, pax rursus venit. Pecunia iacta trans flumen Po¬
tomac, Georgius Washington laetus fuit. America in-
venta, Columbus accepit aurum multum. Fabio rogato,
legati venerunt rursus in senatum. Roma servata, Cin¬
cinnati voluit venire in agros. Frumento in naves
posito, Columbus navigavit in Americam. Porcis captis,
milites cibos habuerunt. Agno ex schola expulso, Mar¬
cus laetus fuit: non enim amavit audire: baa. Amavit
videre Mariam. Militibus paratis, Fabius iter fecit. Baa-
Baa dicta, agnus laetus fuit. Scipione misso in Africam,
senatus accepit pacem. Sagunto capto, milites Punici
acceperunt aurum multum.

English to Latin

1. Columbus sailed into the new world. 2. Carthage
has been cut off from grain. 3. Masinissa received
much gold. 4. Much gold having been received, the
soldiers were glad. 5. Although the Romans were con¬
quered, Hannibal was not glad. 6. Because grain had
been received, the men called the general.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA OCTAVA

De casu possessivo

Summary: The second Punic War left Rome the greatest power in the Mediterranean
world. But Rome still had many wars—wars with Macedonia, and with Antiochus,
king of Seleucia. But other powers learned to fear Rome. Thus, when Antiochus IV
invaded Egypt, a Roman senator, Popilius, ordered him out. Antiochus asked time
to consider. Popilius drew a circle about him in the sand and demanded an immediate
answer before leaving the circle. Or again, a mere order from Rome stopped
King Prusias of Bithynia from taking Pergamum.

Post bellum Punicum secundum, Carthagine victa, Roma potestatem
maximam habuit in toto mundo. Sed necesse fuit gerere multa alia bella.
Romani bella gesserunt cum Macedonia, cum Rege Antiocho (Antiochus
fuit rex in Seleucia) et cum Graecia. Sed etiam reges sciverunt quod in
periculo fuerunt quando bellum cum Roma gesserunt. Exempli gratia ( for
the sake of example) Antiochus rex, in saeculo secundo ante Christum
voluit capere Aegyptum. Sed unus ex senatoribus Romanis, Popilius
nomine, venit ad regem Antiochum in Aegyptum. Popilius, in nomine
Romano, iussit regem Antiochum discedere ex Aegypto. Hoc (this) facto,
Antiochus dixit quod deliberare voluit. Popilius itaque scripsit circulum
in arena circum Antiochum. Popilius dixit quod necesse fuit non discedere
ex circulo antequam daret ( before giving) responsum. Hoc (this) audito,
Antiochus rex statim discessit ex Aegypto.

Sed potestas magna est visa etiam quando rex Prusias Bithyniae (of
Bithynia) voluit Pergamum capere. Roma iussit—et factum est. Prusias
Pergamum non cepit. Prusias remansit in terra Bithyniae. Prusias scivit
quod necesse fuit timere potestatem Romanam. Et Prusias veritatem scivit:
Romani fuerunt maximi potestate in toto mundo. Quando Roma iusserat
—necesse fuit facere iussa.

totus -whole
unus -one
iussit -ordered
discedere-fo go out of
deliberare-/o consider
arena -sand
circum -around
antequam-6e/ore
responsum-anwer
statim-a/ once

VOCABULARIUM

deliberare, -avit, -atus-

antequam (conjunction)-

deliberate

before

discedere, -cessit,

circum (with objective)-

-cessmus-depart

around

iubere, iussit, iussus-

arena, a -sand

order

responsum, o-answer

Nunc Cogitemus

Possessive Case: The possessive case is the “of” case,
or the “ V’ case. All Latin nouns have endings for the
possessive case. We form it by substituting the possessive
endings for the ablative singular endings, thus:

1. 2. 3.

nautae naut drum agn i agn drum leg is leg um

3. 4. 5.

ci vis civium sena tus senat uum die/' di erum

So— agni means either: the lamb’s or of the lamb.

Notice that we have given two words as samples for
the third declension. In the singular, both have -is. But
in the plural, one has -um, and the other has -ium. Why
so? It depends on the ablative singular. Those nouns
that have ablative singular in -i (and adjectives too)
will have the -ium possessive plural.

Those that have the ablative singular, in -e, will have
only -um in the possessive plural. Simple isn’t it. And
gender makes no difference—all three genders in the
third declension use the same endings for the possessive,
making, of course, the distinction of -um and -ium ac¬
cording to the ablative.

Circuluslatinus.org

Now, we already saw that neuters in the third declen¬
sion that have -/ in the ablative singular, have -ia for
nominative and objective plurals—now we note that
the very same nouns have -ium for possessive plurals.
The -i’s have it!

As to adjectives, they use the same declensions as the
nouns. That is, bonus type adjectives will use the endings

Masculine Feminine Neuter

-i -orum -ae -arum -a -orum

As to third declension adjectives, since practically all
have the ablative singular in -i, we may say that the
possessive forms of those adjectives are: -is and -ium.

But some of these possessive endings are duplicates
of endings of other cases! Thus nautae could be either
possessive singular or nominative plural. And similarly
agni could be either possessive singular or nominative
plural. The way possessive patterns are used will soon
tell us how to distinguish them. It is not nearly so hard
as in English, where almost all endings duplicate.

Participles Used as Nouns: Notice the last sentence
in the story above: necesse fuit fdcere iussa.

That word iussa is the neuter nominative-objective
plural of the participle of iubere. Now—we found that
bona could mean good things', similarly, iussa can mean
ordered things. Therefore, fdcere iussa means to do the
things ordered.

Exerceamus Nos
Watch for possessive patterns.

Magna fuit potestas Romae. Milites Carthaginis fortes
fuerunt. Pecunia accepta, Columbus navigavit in navi-
bus Isabellae. Cincinnatus habuit potestatem Dictatoris.
Sed etiam agri Cincinnati fuerunt boni.

Mariae agnus venit in scholam. Hie agnus dixit baa.

Sed in schola fuit etiam alius agnus Mariae—hie agnus
non dixit baa. Marcus enim fuit etiam agnus Mariae—
Maria enim vocavit Marcum agnum parvum. Maria
visa, Marcus laetus fuit. Marcus amavit Mariam.
Marcus fuit amator Mariae.

In diebus Horatii, Romani fuerunt fortes. Sed etiam
fuerunt fortes in diebus Popfli—Popflio audito, Anti-
ochus discessit ex Aegypto. Rex Antiochus fecit iussa.
Popilius enim habuit potestatem senatus Romani. Sen-
atus Romanus magnam potestatem habuit. Etiam potes¬
tas exercitus Romani fuit magna. Et potestas tribunorum
plebis fuit magna. Tribuni plebis fuerunt viri fortes.
Potestas patriciorum fuit magna. Sed patricii non sem¬
per fecerunt bona. Ergo plebs voluit discedere ab urbe.
Legati patriciorum venerunt ad plebem. Rogaverunt
plebem venire rursus in urbem. Sed plebs non voluit
venire antequam potestatem acceperunt. Ergo patricii
dederunt tribunos plebis. Tribunis acceptis, plebs venit
in urbem.

Popilius dixit quod necesse fuit audire responsum
Antiochi statim. Voluit audire responsum Antiochi
antequam Antiochus veniret ( should come) ex circulo
in arena. Popilius accepit responsum Antiochi statim.
Antiochus statim discessit ex Aegypto. Nonne potestas
Romanorum fuit magna? In Aegypto fuit frumentum
multum. Antiochus voluit habere frumentum Aegypti
—sed Romani etiam voluerunt habere frumentum
Aegypti.

English to Latin

1. The sailor’s father had come. 2. The senate’s power
was great. 3. Popilius ordered Antiochus to get out.
4. Although the ship’s gold had been seized, the general
did not depart. 5. Before Rome’s sailors came, there was
no fight. 6. The power of Rome was great. 7. Antiochus
was king of Seleucia.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO DECIMA NONA

De tribus casibus pronominis: ille

Summary: Marcus Porcius Cato ended every speech in the senate with the words,
“Carthage must be destroyed.” Rome feared Carthage, since Hannibal had almost
ruined Rome. And they hated Carthage. The senate began to believe Cato. Carthage
made war on Masinissa without Roman permission, a violation of the treaty. Rome
sent legates to demand that Carthage lay down her arms. Carthage complied. (Con¬
tinued tomorrow)

Marcus Porcius Cato fuit vir fortis. Sed Cato odit Carthaginem. Roma iam
vicerat Carthaginem in primo et in secundo bellis Punicis. Sed Hannibal
fere vicerat Romam. Ergo multi Romani timuerant Carthaginem. Hanni-
bale victo, Romani timuerunt etiam victam Carthaginem. Quia timuerunt
Carthaginem, et quia Hannibal fere vicerat Romam, facile fuit odisse
Carthaginem. Cato ergo odit Carthaginem. Cato fuit censor Romanus.
Cato etiam habuit orationes multas in senatu Romano. Cato dixit multa
in senatu Romano contra Carthaginem, etiam contra Carthaginem victam.
In fine omnis orationis, Cato semper dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem.
Ergo senatus Romanus saepe audivit: necesse est delere Carthaginem.
Catone saepe audito, etiam senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem.

Carthago fecit bellum cum Masinissa, rege Numidiae. Sed Carthago non
debuit facere bellum in Africa sine licentia Romanorum. Carthago non
voluit facere bellum. Sed Masinissa fuit malus. Fere necesse fuit gerere
bellum cum rege Numidiae. Ergo Carthaginienses fecerunt bellum.

Romanus senatus audivit quod Carthago fecerat bellum sine licentia
Romanorum. Ergo senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. Itaque
senatus misit consules cum exercitu ad Carthaginienses. Consules dixe-
runt: senatus Romanus iussit Carthaginienses deponere arma. Consulibus
auditis, Carthaginienses fecerunt iussa. Timuerunt enim potestatem
Romae.

(Continued tomorrow—continuabitur eras.)

facil e-easy
odisse-fo hate
habere orationem-
to give a speech
omnis -all, every
finis, -end
deler e-to destroy
saep e-often
debuit-ought
licentia -perm ission
sine-without
deponere-Zay down
arma -arms

VOCABULARIUM

debere, debuit, debitus- deponere, -posuit,
owe, ought -positus-pwf down

delere, delevit, deletus- saep e-often

destroy sine ( with ablative )

-without

facilis, facile, i -easy
bonus finis, c(poss. pi.-ium)-end
omnis, omne, i -all, every
magna oratio, -ione-speech
orationem haber e-give a speech

Nunc Cogitemus

Nominative, Objective, and Ablative of Ille:
The forms of ille are almost all like bonus, bona, bonum:

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom

ille

illi

ilia

illae

illud

ilia

Obj.

ilium

illos

illam

illas

illud

ilia

Abl.

illo

illis

ilia

illis

illo

illis

Circuluslatinus.org

Where does ille differ from bonus ? Only in three
forms (of those given)— ille, nominative singular mas¬
culine and illud (twice)—nominative and objective
singular neuter. So—out of the whole table, we have
really only two forms to learn. In fact, if we learn the
top row of singulars: ille, ilia, illud —we have it. For the
first of the odd forms, ille, is in that list. And the second,
illud, is also in that list. The third is only a repetition of
the second, according to the rule that nominative and
objective are the same in neuters. Not much to learn!
What does ille mean? It can serve as an adjective:
ille vir —that man
illud bellum —that war
It can serve as a noun (pronoun):
ille— he, that one
ilia— she, that one
illud— it, that thing
In the plural:
illi —those men.

Exerceamus Nos

Look for samples of the ille pattern.

In illis diebus, Romani gesserunt bellum cum Antfocho,
rege Seleuciae. Popilius, senator Romanus venit ad
ilium regem. Popilius iussit Antiochum discedere ex
Aegypto. Popilio audito, Antiochus discessit ex ilia
terra.

Ubi est ille agnus albus? Ille est in schola. Sed non
debuit venire in scholam. Marcus non amavit agnos in
schola—Marcus amavit Mariam in schola. Ille dixit
quod ilia est agna parva. Dixitne Marcus veritatem?
Omnes pueri in schola viderunt Marcum et Mariam.
Sed non viderunt porcos in schola. Porci fuerunt in foro.
Illi porci dixerunt: oink. Cur (why) dixerunt porci
illud? Quia non potuerunt dicere baa. Marcus dedit fru-
mentum pro agno Mariae.

Illi reges fuerunt boni. Senatores Romani sunt boni
consiliis. Omnes senatores habuerunt orationes in se¬
natu. Agnus albus audivit illas orationes. Sed agnus non
dixit baa in senatu. Agnus voluit esse bonus. Ergo illi
senatores amaverunt agnum.

Cato in senatu dixit quod necesse fuit delere Cartha-
ginem. Ergo Carthago venerat ad finem. Finis dierum
Carthaginis venerat. Carthago deleta est. Hannibal non
potuit servare illam urbem. Rex Bithyniae non potuit
servare Carthaginem. Rex Bithyniae non potuit stare
contra potestatem Romanorum. Debuit facere iussa.

English to Latin

1. Where is that man? 2. Mary wanted to find that
lamb. 3. The men of Rome were brave. 4. Cato wanted
them (illos) to destroy the city. 5. That man did not
like the speech. 6. When that speech had been given,
Cato departed. 7. By a great speech, he destroyed the
city.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: After the Carthaginians had laid down their arms, the Roman legates
announced that the senate ordered the destruction of the city: they would be per¬
mitted to rebuild, but it must be ten miles inland. This meant ruin for a mercantile
city. So Carthage, without arms, resisted. The siege lasted three years. Women gave
their long hair to make ropes for catapults. But it was hopeless. At last the city fell—
a blot on Rome’s record. In the same year they also destroyed Corinth—the site was
desolate for a century.

Heri audivimus de prima parte belli Punici tertii. Marcus Porcius Cato
saepe insenatu Romano dixerat: necesse est delere Carthaginem. Carthago
fecerat bellum cum Masinissa, rege Numfdiae. Bello facto, senatus Ro-
manus miserat consules ad Carthaginienses. Consules iusserant illos de-
ponere arma. Consulibus auditis, Carthaginienses deposuerant arma.

Sed quid dixit senatus Romanus? Postquam viri Carthaginis deposue-
runt arma, senatus dixit: necesse est delere Carthaginem. Licet aedificare
novam urbem—sed non ad mare. Carthaginienses boni mercatura fuerunt
—necesse est habere urbem ad mare. Ergo Carthaginienses, sine armis,
bellum gesserunt cum Romanis. Bellum factum est in anno centesimo
quadragesimo nono (149) ante Christum. Per tres (III) annos Carthagi¬
nienses fortiter pugnaverunt. Feminae Carthaginienses etiam dederunt
capillos capitis pro catapultis. Etiam feminae Carthaginienses fortes
fuerunt. Sed non potuerunt vincere Romanos. Romani enim multi fuerunt.

Romani bona arma habuerunt. Carthaginienses non habuerunt bona
arma: omnia arma dederant Romanis. Non fuit facile pugnare sine armis.

Ergo Romani deleverunt Carthaginem. Nihil illfus (of that ) urbis re-
mansit—omnia deleta sunt. Romani mali fuerunt. Non debuerunt delere
Carthaginem. Masinissa etiam malus fuit. Non debuit lacessere Carthagi¬
nem.

Eodem anno, Romani etiam deleverunt Graecam urbem, Corinthum.

Nemo remansit in illo loco per centum (100) annos.

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Decline two words together (fine practice!): bonus
vir, ille vir, (omit possessive and dative of ille), illud
caput, pars magna. 2. Add up all the prepositions with
the ablative we have seen so far. 3. How do you say:
of the sea, of the seas, of the citizen, of the citizens, of
the power, of the powers, of the speech, of the speeches,
of the lamb, of the lambs.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

New Word Order: The Romans did not always use
the same word order as we do. Today we are going to
begin to practice in earnest on one new variety of their
word order. It will seem a bit strange to you at first, but
you will get used to it quickly. Here is a sample:

V OCABULARIUM

aedificare, -avit, -atus- licet (present tense)-it is
build permitted

lacessere, -cessfvit, ioriiiex-bravely

-cessftus -harass <\\x\d-what?

capillus, o-hair
magnum caput, ckpilz-head
femina, di-woman
locus, o (but the plural shifts to
neuter: loca)-place
nemo, nemine (has no poss.)-no one
bona pars, parte (poss. pl.-ium. Most
one syllable nouns of third declen¬
sion have -e abl. sing, but -ium
poss. pi.)-part

heri -yesterday
audfvimus-we heard
pars-part
quid-what?
licet-if is permitted
aedificare-6«/7d
femina -woman
loriiicr-bravely
capillus-/j< 2 />
caput -he ad
catapulta-cafapw/f
nihil -nothing
lacesser e-harass
eodem (abl .)-same

Circuluslatinus.org

Maria agnum hdbuit.

Mary had the lamb.

Notice that we have the three pieces in this order:

1. subject 2. object 3. verb

N.B. But do not rearrange them in your own mind —
learn to feel them just like the Romans did. It is easy, and
you will find it fun to try. If you have to rearrange them
the first few times, all right, but then go back and re-read
the same sentence several times in Latin, without think¬
ing of the English: you will find that you can follow the
thought easily in Latin.

Magna pars legatorum Romanorum in urbem vene-
runt. Romani CartMginem viderunt. Romani arma
videre voluerunt. Carthaginienses non debuerunt bel-
lum sine licentia Romanorum gerere. Sed Masinissa, rex
Numidiae, malus fuit—semper Carth&ginem lacessivit.

Romani etiam Corinthum deleverunt. Graeci enim
cum £liis Graecis semper pugnaverunt. Graeci etiam
cum Roma pugnaverunt. Roma non am£vit semper
pugn&re. Ergo Corinthum Romani deleverunt. Corin-
thus fuit urbs magna in Graecia. Corinthus multos mer-
catores et multos nautas hdbuit. Carthago etiam multas
naves habuerat. Sed nunc omnes naves Carth&ginis

deletae sunt. Nunc Carthago non iam est urbs. Nemo in
illo loco rem£nsit. Ergo Carthago nihil est. Et Corinthus
non iam est urbs. Corinthus nihil est. Suntne agni in
ilia urbe? Non sunt: ilia enim urbs non est.

Ubi est Hor£tius? Hor&tius in ponte fuit. Ergo
Hor£tius in fl limine est. Sed Hor£tius pugn£verat fortiter
contra Etruscos. Hor£tius Romam serv£vit.

Cincinn&tus etiam pro Roma fortiter pugn£vit. Cin-
cinnatus enim in agris remanere voluerat, sed sen£tus
Romanus ad ilium leg&tos misit. Dictatorem ilium cre-
averunt. Sed Cincinn£tus non voluit remanere Dictator:
in agris esse voluit. Cincinn4tus enim agnos amavit.
Sed malos viros non amavit: viri mali Romam oderunt.
Viri mali delere Romam voluerunt. Sed Cincinn£tus
illos delevit. Viri mali deleti sunt a Cincinn£to. Viris
malis deletis, Roma pacem hdbuit. Sed non per multos
annos. Alii enim viri mali venerunt.

English to Latin

1. It is necessary to find the woman. 2. A large part of
the soldiers came. 3. They fought without permission
of the Romans. 4. That woman is brave. 5. A large part
of the soldiers was seen. 6. The Romans came with great
power. 7. The legates of Rome ordered them to put
down (their) arms (arma).

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA PRIMA

De tribus casibus pronominis: hie
De tempore plusquamperfecto in voce passiva

Summary: Tiberius Gracchus, though a patrician by birth, was sympathetic to the
poor—many of them had been farmers, but had lost their lands, being unable to
compete with large estates and slave labor. In Rome they found little work at little
pay—slave competition again. The senate opposed the proposed law to give part of
the public lands to the poor. (Part of their lands were public, but in many cases no
one remembered which lands were public.) Gracchus however put it through the
popular assembly. He did a number of things contrary to precedent and the senate’s
interests. Some senators organized a mob and killed him.

Tiberius Gracchus fuit patricius nativitate. Sed motus est misericordia pro
pauperibus. Viri enim pauperes multi fuerunt in urbe Romana. Illi paupe-
res habuerant agros. Pauperes non potuerant remanere in agris. Habuerant
enim parvos agros. Sed dfvites habuerunt magnos et multos agros. Dfvites
habuerunt multos servos. Servi non acceperunt pecuniam pro Iaboribus.
Ergo pauperes non potuerunt tenere agros suos. Pauperes venerunt in
urbem. Sed etiam in urbe fuerunt multi servi. Pauperes non voluerunt esse
servi. Sed fere nihil acceperunt pro Iaboribus in urbe. Et fere nemo voluit
conducere illos.

Tiberius Gracchus ergo voluit dare agros pauperibus ( to the poor).
Itaque proposuit legem novam in senatu. Sed senatores non amaverunt
novam legem. Per legem novam enim senatores debuerunt dare partem
agrorum suorum pauperibus. Non omnes agri senatorum re vera erant
agri senatorum. Senatores enim tenuerunt etiam multos agros publicos.
Illi agri re vera non erant agri senatorum—erant agri publici. Sed senatores
non voluerunt dare illos agros pauperibus. Quia senatores non voluerunt
novam legem, Gracchus venit in comftia tributa. Plebs in comftiis tributis
voluerunt habere novam legem Gracchi. Gracchus etiam fecit multa alia
quae (which) senatusnon amavit. Ergoquidamsenatoresfeceruntturbam.
Ilia turba interfecit Tiberium Gracchum.

natfvitas-6/rt/i
motus-moved
misericordia-pz/y
dfvites-f/ie rich
servus-slave
labor -work
tenere-hold, keep
suus- 0 /ie’.s own
conducer e-hire
proposuit -proposed
re vera -really
erant -were

comftia tributa -popular
assembly
quidam-certain
turba -mob
interfecit-killed

V OCABUL ARIUM

erant -were

interficere, fecit, fectus-
kill

movere, movit, motus-
move

proponere, posuit,
positus -propose

tenere, tenuit, tentus-
hold, keep

multus labor, labore-
work, suffering

misericordia, a -mercy,
pity

servus, o -slave
senator, ore, magnus-
senator

suus, a, um -one’s own, his,
hers, its, theirs
verus, a, u m-true; re vera-
in truth, really

Nunc Cogitemus

Nominative, Objective, and Ablative of Hic:
Hie is the mate to ille. Ille means that ; hic means this.
The forms of hic are almost as easy:

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nom. hic hi

Obj. hunc hos

Abl. hoc his

haec hae hoc haec

hanc has hoc haec

hac his hoc his

The factor that confuses the picture somewhat is the ad¬
dition of the letter c to some of the endings. Without that,
we could easily see that hunc and hanc once had -um and

Circuluslatinus.org

-am. And the ablative singulars hoc and hac are obvious,
without the c.

But we must admit that the three nominative singular
forms: hie, haec, hoc, are just plain odd, as is also the
neuter plural haec. But we will not find it difficult— hie
is such a common word, even for the most sober Roman,
that we shall soon find ourselves used to it.

Pluperfect Passive: We know how to say: He was
conquered or has been conquered —we use the last part
of the verb with the words est or sunt. If we want to say:
He had been conquered, we use erat or erant. Thus:

1. Romanus exercitus victus erat.

The Roman army had been conquered.

2. Multi milites interfecti erant.

Many soldiers had been killed.

Recall that in making the pluperfect active, we also
used erat and erant —but in the active they became end¬
ings, not separate words: e.g., vicerat, vicerant.

Suus: Recall the sentence in the story:

Non potuerunt tenere agros suos.

They were not able to keep their fields.

Suus may mean: his own, her own, their own (in the
plural), etc. The word own need not be used, but suus
really means that.

But if the expression “their fields” meant
not—their own fields

but—someone else’s fields (e.g., the senator’s fields)

then we could not use suus. We would need a different
word, which we shall see later. (In case you are curious,
it is: eius for the singular, and eorum for the plural—but
those words are not adjectives, they are possessive forms
of a pronoun. So, they do not agree in gender, number
and case as suus does. Of course, the gender of eorum,
earum, eorum can change.)

Therefore:

They could not keep their own fields—use suus

They could not keep their (someone else’s) fields—
use eius, etc.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Hie vir est pater Columbi. Ille vir est pater Mariae. Ubi
est Marci pater? Marcus in schola est: Mariam videre
voluit. Ergo cum agno albo in scholam venit.

Gracchus novam legem proposuit, sad senatores hanc
legem non amaverunt. Plebs novam legem amavit. Hoc
est verum. Senatores dixerunt quod non voluerunt dare
agros suos pauperibus. Sed re vera non omnes agri fue-
runt agri senatorum. Quando senatores de agris “suis”
dixerunt veritatem non semper dixerunt. Multi agri
re vera fuerunt agri publici. Haec veritas est. Ergo
senatores agros publicos tenere non debuerunt. Hos
pauperibus dare debuerunt. Nova lex iussit senatores
dare agros publicos pauperibus. Quidam ( certain ) sena¬
tores fuerunt viri mali—Tiberium Gracchum interfece-
runt. Hie enim novam legem proposuit. Ubi sunt Maria
et Marcus? Hie in schola est. Sed ilia in schola non est.
Ilia agnum invenire voluit, sed non potuit. Agnus enim
in schola cum Marco fuit. Ergo Maria debuit venire ad
agnum suum parvum. Columbus naves suas amavit. Ad
Americam illis navigavit. Fuitne nemo in America in
diebus Columbi? Non. Primi Americani fuerunt in
America illis diebus. America inventa, Columbus illos
“Indos” vocavit. Sed Indi in India, non in America fue¬
runt. In America est Indiana. Suntne Indi in Indiana?
Quid voluit Columbus invenire? Indiam invenire voluit.
Quid voluit agnus in schola invenire? Mariam videre
voluit. Etiam cibum accipere voluit. Cibi non erant
habiti ab agno.

English to Latin

1. That man has come. 2. What did he want? 3. He
wanted food. 4. Since Gracchus had been killed, the
senators were able to keep the lands. 5. The lands of
the senators were really large. 6. They had great suf¬
ferings. 7. Many men were slaves of the patricians.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA SECUNDA

De tempore praesenti activo

Summary: Gracchus had been guilty of some misdeeds, or at least, things contrary
to custom. But the murder of Gracchus showed that the senate was corrupt. The
case of Jugurtha showed it still better. Jugurtha had a right to one third of Numidia—
but he killed one partner and expelled the other. The other, Adherbal appealed to
the senate. The senate, its palms probably greased, gave Adherbal the poorer part of
Numidia. Soon, after the siege of Cirta, Jugurtha killed Adherbal. This was an
outrage, but the senate still wanted to do nothing.

Diebus Tiberi Gracchi senatus Romanus corruptus erat. Tiberius ambi-
tiosus fuerat: fecit quaedam mala. Fecit quaedam etiam contra consuetudi-
nem. Sed senatus non debuit interficere ilium. Hoc re vera monstravit
corruptionem senatus Romani. Erat etiam alius Gracchus, Gaius nomine.
Tiberio interfecto, Gaius non timuit. Hie etiam proposuit legem de agris.
Sed hie etiam non potuit contra senatum pugnare. Sed corruptio senatus
praesertim monstrata est in bello cum Iugurtha.

Audivimus de Masinissa, rege Numidiae. Filius Masinissae eratMicipsa.
Ouando Micipsa mortuus est (died) Hiempsal et Adherbal debuerunt
accipere Numidiam. Hiempsal et Adherbal erant filii Micipsae. Iugurtha
erat nepos Micipsae. Iugurtha debuit accipere partem Numidiae, cum filiis
Micipsae. Sed Iugurtha interfecit Hiempsalem. Hiempsale interfecto,
Iugurtha expulit Adherbalem ex Numidia. Adherbal rogavit senatum Ro-
manum mittere auxilium. Sed senatus dedit partem orientalem Numidiae
illi (to him ) et partem occidentalem Iugurthae (to Jugurtha). Iugurtha
probabiliter dederat aurum: pars enim occidentalis erat melior.

Parte occidentali accepta, Iugurtha bellum fecit cum Adherbale. In
hoc bello, Iugurtha interfecit Adherbalem. Sed senatus Romanus voluit
nihil facere—probabiliter acceperant aurum ab Iugurtha. (Continued to¬
morrow —continuabitur eras.)

corruptus-corrupt
quaedam -certain things
consuetudo -custom
monstravit-s/iovmf
praesertim -especially
audivimus-we heard
filius-jo/i
nepos-nephew
orientalis-eajf
occidentalis-werf
melior -better

V OCABULARIUM

monstrare, monstravit.

filius, o -son

monstratus-5/iow

melior, melius, meliore-

praesertim -especially

better

bona consuetudo,

occidentalis, e, i -western

consuetudine-cwsfom

orientalis, e, i-eastern

Nunc Cogitemus

Singular Present Pattern: We learned some time
ago the forms of the present active infinitive—we noted
that all such infinitives end in -re. But there is a differ¬
ence in the vowel ahead of the -re. This difference indi¬
cates jour different classes of verbs. We call these four
classes, four conjugations. They are identified by the

infinitive endings (we consider here that the ending is
the -re plus the letter ahead of the -re). Therefore:—the
conjugations are as follows:

1. -are 2. -ere 3. -ere 4. -ire

Notice that the distinction between two and three is in the
accent (the e is short in three, long in two).

Now to form the present active, third singular:
remove the ending -are, -ere, -ere, -ire and add:

1. -at 2. -et 3. -it 4. -it

Notice that the vowel in these endings is, except for
third conjugation, the same as that in the infinitive end¬
ing. Therefore, let us make a set of samples:

1. parat 2. habet 3. ponit 4. venit

Meanings?—he prepares

he does prepare •
he is preparing

The Latin will stand any
of the three translations
equally well.

Circuluslatinus.org

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
Look for present patterns.

Marcus scholam aedificat. Marcus vult ( irregular pres¬
ent of voluit— memorize please) videre Mariam in
schola. Agnus albus etiam vult habere scholam. Agnus
in scholam venire vult. Roma multas consuetudines
bonas habet. Nemo potest expellere agnum ex schola.
Servus pecuniam non habet. Miles sine armis pugn£re
non potest. Habetne Columbus bonas naves? •tique,
Columbus habet illas. Columbus illis navigat.

Tib6rius Gracchus novam legem proponit. Nova lex
agros pro pauperibus dat. Senitus novam legem non
amat. Sen&tus Gracchum interficere vult.

Horiitius in ponte stat. Ignis in pontem cadit. Hor£-
tius in aquam cadit. Sed Etrusci venire in urbem non
potuerunt.

Quid vocat Maria Marcum? Haec vocat ilium “Agnus
parvus.” Potestne Marcus dicere baal Hie parvus porcus
carnes bovinas assas (see Lesson 2) habet. Hie parvus
porcus nihil habet. Hie parvus porcus: oui, oui! dicit.

Exercitus Rominus Carth£ginem fortitudine vincit.

Sed Carthaginienses fortiter pugnaverunt. Non est facile
pugndre contra Carthaginienses. Hannibal enim, im-
per&tor Carthaginiensis, est vir magnus.

Columbus uxorem (wife) habet. Quid dicit uxor?
Voc&tne ilium “parvus agnus.” Non. Uxor Columbi
habet magnam vocem (voice). Uxor Columbum vocat
porcum. Porcus enim rotundus est. Er&tne Columbus
rotundus?

Hamilcar manum Hannibalis in altdre ponit. Hanni¬
bal odium aeternum promittit contra Romam et Ro¬
manos: fabula Rom£na dicit haec. Suntne haec vera?
Verum est quod Hannibal bellum cum Romanis gessit.
Hannibal Romanos fere vicit. Sed Scipio Romam servat.

English to Latin

1. Scipio prepares the soldiers. 2. Columbus is show¬
ing his ships. 3. Adherbal remains in the eastern part
of Numidia. 4. He is preparing an army. 5. The king
of Africa has many slaves. 6. The senate had received
much gold from Jugurtha. 7. Since it has received gold,
the senate does not wish to fight against this man.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA TERTIA

De tempore praesenti in persona tertia plurali

Summary: The senate, probably bribed, did not wish to punish Jugurtha. But the
plebs forced war. The war was a sham, followed by a sham surrender. But soon
jugurtha angered even the senate, by committing murder in Rome. War resumed,
but with little success. Finally the plebs elected Marius consul, and made him com¬
mander. Marius gave up the use of unwilling draftees—he got volunteers by promise
of lands and money. The army was thus more directly loyal to him than to Rome.

Senatus iam monstraverat corruptionem suam. Iugurtha enim interfecerat
Adherbalem. Sed senatus, probabiliter quia acceperat aurum ab Iugurtha,
vult facere nihil. Senatus debet punire Iugurtham. Sed plebs, in comitiis
tributis, exclamant: senatus iniustus est. Senatus debet bellum movere cum
Iugurtha. Necesse est punire ilium. Ergo senatus, coactus a plebe, movit
bellum. Sed exercitus Romanus non pugnavit fortiter contra Iugurtham.
Et Iugurtha non pugnavit fortiter contra Romanos. Senatus enim non vult
bellum cum Iugurtha. Et hie non vult bellum cum Roma. Simulaverunt
bellum. Finis belli venit anno centesimo undecimo ( 111 BC ) ante Chris¬
tum. Mox Iugurtha interfecit virum quando in urbe Romana erat. Magna
audacia erat. Itaque Roma rursus movit bellum cum Iugurtha. Etiam sena¬
tus nunc ira motus est contra Iugurtham.

Sed Roma non habet victoriam statim. Itaque plebs creavit novum im-
peratorem: facit Marium imperatorem. Marius electus est consul anni
centesimi septimi {107). Marius non voluit habere mflites ex delectibus.
Mflites ex delectibus non voluerunt pugnare. Marius voluit habere mflites
meliores. Itaque promisit agros et pecuniam—hoc modo accepit mflites
meliores. Hi mflites voluerunt pugnare fortiter. Voluerunt accipere bonos
agros et pecuniam multam a Mario. Itaque hi mflites amaverunt Marium.
Speraverunt accipere pecuniam et agros ab illo—non a Roma. Ergo milites
Marii vicerunt Iugurtham.

punir e-punish
iniustus -unjust
coactus -forced
simulavit -pretended
mo x-soon
audacia -boldness
im-anger
delectus -draft
modus-way
sperare-/?ope
facWe-easily

VOCABULARIUM

cogere, coegit, coactus- simulare, avit, atus-
compel feign, pretend

punire, punivit, punitus- sperare, avit, atus -hope
punish mo x-soon

delectus, u -draft, levy
iniustus, a, um -unjust
ira, di-anger

modus, o -manner, way, measure, limit

Nunc Cogitemus

Present Third Plural: Yesterday we learned how to
make the present third singular in each of the four
conjugations. Now it is just as easy to make the third

plural on most verbs—we merely remove the infinitive
ending {-are, etc.), and add:

1. -ant 2. -ent 3. -unt 4. -iunt
For example: 1. parant 2. habent 3. ponunt 4. veniunt
But there are just a few verbs that cause us a little trou¬
ble. These verbs belong to the third conjugation, but use
the ending -iunt, like the fourth conjugation. However,
we have not met many of these verbs—to be exact, we
have met only five of them so far. Here is the third plural
of those verbs:

accipiunt

capiunt

faciunt

iaciunt

interficiunt

{from accipere)
{from capere)
{from facere)
{from iacere)
{from interficere)

But how can we tell when we meet any more of the -iunt
third verbs? We can make it easy—ahead of the usual

Circuluslatinus.org

three parts of a verb, we shall give the -iunt form in the
vocabulary, if a verb is of that type. Thus, we would
print accipere:

[accipiunt], accipere, accepit, acceptus—receive
But if a verb does not have such a peculiarity, we shall
keep on giving the usual three parts, just as we have
been doing.

Note on Voluit: The verb voluit has some irregular
forms—we know its infinitive, velle. We have used its
third singular present— vult. The third plural is easier—
it is merely: volunt —they wish.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
Look for present patterns.

Romani Iugurtham punire volunt. Bellum movere
cum illo volunt. Marius est imperator bonus. Marius
sperat facere exercitum meliorem. Marius non voluit
cogere mflites pugnare delectibus—Marius milites vol¬
untaries habere voluit. Ille agros et pecuniam multam
promisit. Quia pecuniam accipiunt, milites amant
Marium. Multa bona faciunt. Iaciunt Iugurtham ex
Numidia. Urbes Numidiae capiunt. Exercitus volun-
tarius melior est. Romani pro Roma pugnare debent.

Sed Romani non iam pugnare amant. Senatus bellum
cum Iugurtha simulat. Iugurtha bellum etiam simulat.
Senatus et Iugurtha pugnare non volunt. Senatus cor-

ruptus est. Senatus etiam corruptionem suam monstravit
quando Gracchum interfecit. Gracchus vir bonus erat—
amavit Romam. Pauperes amavit. Sed senatores vol-
uerunt pecuniam multam habere.

Sed Marcus et Maria invicem ( one another) amave-
runt. Et amaverunt etiam agnum album. Columbus non
erat iniustus. Columbus invenire Indiam voluit. Co¬
lumbus et nautae naves suas amant.

Cincinnatus non iniustus fuerat. Romani in antiquis
diebus iniusti non fuerunt. Illi Romani Romam ama¬
verunt—non amaverunt pecuniam et aurum. Hoc
modo servaverunt Romam. Galli Romam vincere volu-
erunt. Sed Romam non possunt vincere—Roma fortis
est. Milites Romani ex delectibus in illis diebus erant
fortes. Illi Romani antiqui pro Roma pugnare volue-
runt. Pecuniam et agros dare non erat necesse. Sed die¬
bus Mari Romani pugnare non voluerunt. Antiqui
Romani fuerunt meliores.

English to Latin

1. They are capturing many cities. 2. What are they
throwing into the river? 3. Marius and his men ( sui )
are coming. 4. Marius and Sulla are fighting bravely.
5. He spoke with great anger. 6. Jugurtha pretends to
love the senate, but in reality he does not. 7. By the
draft they are forcing these men to come into the army.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: Mithradates, king of Pontus, a small country in Asia Minor, began to
overrun the country. He invaded the Roman province of Asia, and killed the legate.
Sulla, a former lieutenant of Marius, was given command against Mithradates. But
while Sulla was enroute to Asia, his command was revoked. Sulla marched on Rome,
and killed those who had engineered his recall. But he could not find Marius
(continued).

In Asia Minore est terra parva, Pontus nomine. Rex Ponti erat Mithra¬
dates. Sed ille voluit multas terras vincere. ltaque bellum movit cum aliis
terris in Asia Minore. Mithradates enim voluit expellere Romanos ex Asia
Minore. In hoc tempore, Romani provinciam habuerunt in parte occi¬
dental! Asiae Minoris. Vocaverunt hanc provinciam Asiam. Sed re vera
“Asia” erat solum pars parva Asiae Minoris. Mithradates etiam interfecit
legatum Romanum in hac provincia. Mithradates dixit “Romani amant
aurum.” ltaque Mithradates infudit aurum calidum in guttur Romani.

Sine dubio necesse erat bellum habere cum Mithradate. Romani ergo
faciunt Sullam imperatorem contra Mithradatem. Sulla fuerat legatus in
exercitu Mari in bello Iugurthino. Sulla erat patricius nativitate, et vir
magni ingenii. Sulla non iam amat Marium: Marius est ex parte plebis.
Sulla est ex parte senatus.

Sed Sulla factus est imperator contra Mithradatem. Sulla ergo discessit
ex urbe, cum exercitu magno. Dum Sulla abest ex urbe, tribunus plebis,
Sulpicius nomine, proponit novas leges. Una (one) lex revocat Sullam et
facit Marium imperatorem. Sulla audivit de nova lege. Ergo Sulla venit
rursus ad urbem cum exercitu suo. Sulla interfecit Sulpicium et multos
amfcos Sulpici. Sed non poterat invenire Marium.

(Continuabitur eras)

tempus-f/me
provincia -province
solum-on/y
inindii-poured
calidus-/jor
guttur -throat
dubium -doubt
ingenium-a&i/i'fy
pars -party
dum-while
abest-6e absent
revocare-reca//
amicus -friend

V OCABUL ARIUM

abesse, afuit, afuturus- revocare, avit, atus -recall
be absent dum -while

infundere, fudit, fusus-
pour in

calidus, a, um -hot
dubium, o -doubt
magnum guttur, ur e-throat
ingenium, o-talent, natural ability
longum tempus, tempore-f/me

Families of Words: It is a great help to our memory
to notice that many words come in families. For exam¬
ple, in today’s vocabulary we have revocare. It belongs
to the family of vocare : to call. Re means: back or
again. So, re-voedre means: to call back. What would

these mean: reponere, recipere, (from capere), reficere
(from facere) remittere, rescribere?

A d- means near or to. What would these mean: advo-
care, adesse, admovere, apponere (ad-ponere), ad-
venire, adstare?

A or ab means from or away. What would these
mean: abesse, avocare, amovere, abs-tinere (from
tenere)?

It will be very worthwhile to keep a watch for words
(mostly verbs) that come in families. There are still
other families, as we shall see later.

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say: he compels, they compel, he shows,
they show, she asks, they ask, he is absent, they are
absent, he wishes, they wish, she receives, they receive,
it sends, they sent, he throws, they throw. 2. Decline

Circuluslatinus.org

these combinations as units: magnus rex orientdlis,
bonus delectus, mala consuetudo, caput calidum. 3.
How do you say: he had been found, they had been
found, it had been given, they had been given, it had
been waged, they had been waged.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Rom£ni aurum amant—hoc dicit Mithradates. Ergo
Mithradates aurum in guttur dat. Auro accepto, habuit
ille Rom&nus caput calidum? Estne bonum amare
aurum? Viri boni aurum amare non debent. Res meli-
ores amare debent. Estne Asia Minor parva? Non—non
est parva. In Asia Minore est Asia—Romani enim
vocant provinciam suam “Asia.” Et haec provincia
Romana in Asia Minore erat. Ergo Asia in Asia Minore
erat.

Dum Sulla ex urbe abest, quid facit Marius? Marius
potestatem habere vult. Sed Sulla etiam potestatem
habere vult. Ergo Roma bellum civfle habet. Milites
Mari Romam amaverunt. S«d etiam Marium amaverunt
—agros et pecuniam a Mario, non a Roma, speraverunt.
Etiam milites Sullae amaverunt Romani. Sed amaverunt
Sullam, et agros et pecuniam a Sulla, non a Roma,
speraverunt. Hoc modo Roma poterat bellum civfle
habere. Si (if) cives amant Romam solam—non pos-

sunt movere civfle bellum. Roma enim bellum civfle
non amat.

Eratne bellum civfle in Statibus Foederatis Americae?
Otique. In America, Status Confoederati pugnaverunt
cum Statibus Foederatis. Malum est habere bellum. Sed
non iam est bellum in America. America habet bellum
cum 41iis nationibus. America nunc cum Communistis
pugnat. Communistae Americam delere volunt.

Primi consules Romani Tarquinium expellere volu-
erunt. Sed Tarquinius Romam punire voluit, quia Roma
ilium expulerat. Sed Romani monstraverunt quod Ro¬
mam amaverunt: fortiter pugnaverunt. Etrusci in urbe
non iam remanent. Remanere non licet. Regibus ex-
pulsis, Romani non habuerunt pacem, quia necesse erat
semper pugnare cum aliis nationibus. Pax in hoc mundo
non est aetema.

English to Latin

1. Tarquinius having been expelled, Rome had war.

2. He was a patrician by birth. 3. They say that
Jugurtha wants peace. 4. While there is doubt, they are
not willing to recall that legate. 5. He was created dic¬
tator not because of (abl. alone means “because of’)
natural ability, but because of much work. 6. They are
now fighting with the Communists. 7. Even good men
do not have eternal peace in this world.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA QUINTA

De tribus casibus pronominum: is et idem

Summary: Marius had escaped to Africa. After imposing his will through the army,
Sulla went east. He fought the forces of Mithradates in Greece—but also robbed
Greece of many treasures. He then went over to Asia and conquered Mithradates.
But the victory was not decisive. Sulla, however, was in a hurry to get back to Rome.
In his absence there had been more civil war and murder. On his return there was
more of the same.

Sulla in urbem venerat cum exercitu et interfecerat Sulpicium et multos
amicos Sulpici. Sed Marium non invenerat—Marius enim evaserat in
Africam. Sulla ergo discessit ad Orientem cum exercitu contra Mithrada-
tem. Sed antequam venit in Asiam Minorem, Sulla per Graeciam venit.
Mithradates habuit exercitum in Graecia. Sulla ltaque pugnavit cum illo in
Graecia. Sulla cepit multas Graecas urbes. Sed Sulla etiam rapuit multas
res pretiosas ex Graecia. Deinde Sulla navigavit in Asiam Minorem. Ibi
multa proelia secunda fecit. Sulla vicit Mithradatem, sed non omnino fregit
potestatem illius. Sulla enim non timuit Mithradatem, sed timuit Marium
et amicos Mari in urbe. Sulla debuit frangere potestatem Mithradatis, sed
hoc non fecit. Mithradates enim potuit pugnare postquam Sulla discessit.

In urbe, dum Sulla erat in Oriente, bellum civile fuerat inter amicos
Mari et senatum. Multi Romani interfecti erant, Marius enim venerat in
urbem cum exercitu. Per quinque (V) dies, trucidatio fuerat in urbe.
Decern millia ( 10,000 ) interfecti erant.

Ergo quando Sulla venit in urbem, rursus bellum civile venit. Marius
non iam erat in urbe. Marius non iam erat in hac vita. Sed Sulla quotidie
posuit in foro nomina proscriptorum: Sulla dixit “licet interficere hos
proscriptos.” Ergo fere quinque (V) millia interfecti sunt. (Continuabitur
eras)

e\ksit-escaped

xkpuii-seized

dtixide-then

pretiosus -precious

ibi-there

proelium -battle

secundus-successful

ixtgil-broke

inter -between

tr ucid4tio-6 utchery

vita-/*/e

quotidi e-daily

pxoscxiptus-proscribed

V OCABUL ARIUM

evadere, evasit, evasus- ibi-there

escape inter (with obj .) -

frangere, fregit, fractus- between, among
break omnino-altogether,

[rapiunt], rapere, rapuit, at all, in all
raptus -seize, snatch

Mithradates, e, ma\us-Mithradates
proelium, o -battle
secundus, a, um -second, successful
vita, a -life

Families of Words: Notice e-vadere in today’s
vocabulary. It means: go out. For e- or ex-means out.
What would these mean: emittere, evenire, evocare,
excludere, exponere, eicere (ex-iacere)?

Nunc Cogitemus

Is, ea, id can serve either as a pronoun or as a demon¬
strative adjective. As a pronoun it means: he, she, it.
The plural is they. As an adjective it means this, or that.
Its forms are not hard to learn:

Singular

Nom.

Obj.

eum

earn

Abl.

Plural

Nom.

ei(ii)

eae

Obj.

eos

eas

Abl.

eis (iis)

eis

Circuluslatinus.org

Which forms differ from bonus type adjectives? Only
two: is and id (of course, the neuter nominative and
objective are the same—but that is usual). Therefore,
if we memorize just the top three forms: is, ea, id —the
rest is obvious. Isn’t Latin easy?

What is the difference between is, ea, id, meaning this
or that, and hie or illel It is much weaker—it can’t even
make up its mind whether to be this or that.

Idem: means “the same.” Its declension is easy—just
add -dem to is, ea, id:

idem

eadem

idem

eumdem

eamdem

idem

eodem

eadem

eodem

eidem

eaedem

eadem

eosdem

easdem

eadem

eisdem

Of course, we notice that we do not keep two d' s. So we
do not write iddem —but idem. Nor do we ever say:
isdem, but idem. Sometimes eumdem is spelled: eundem.
Similarly, eamdem may be spelled: eandem.

Danger: It is dangerous to know a Latin word—take
our old friend secundus. We were never formally intro¬
duced, but we have taken for granted it means second —
and it does. But sometimes an old familiar word may
have talents we do not dream of. Thus secundus can also
mean favorable or successful. So in Latin we have to
watch even our friends.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Recognize patterns when you meet them.

Crbibus captis, Sulla res pretiosas rapuit. Roma
capta, Sulla multos cives interfecit. Cur ( why ) eos inter¬
fecit? Quia amici Mari erant. Amici Sullae pecuniam
divitum habere voluerunt. Sed Sulla et Marius viri mali
fuerunt—re vera non Romam amaverunt: se ( them¬

selves ) amaverunt. Verus Romanus Romanos non in-
terficit. Bellum civile in terra sua non movet. Verus
Romanus contra alias nationes quando necesse est
pugnat, sed non contra Romam. Sed Sulla Marium non
interfecit. Sulla Marium interficere voluerat, sed non
poterat. Cur? Quia Marius non solum in Africam evasit
—etiam ex hac vita evasit. Ergo Marius ex manibus
Sullae evasit.

Agnus albus non evasit ex manibus Mariae, sed in
scholam venit. Sed porci in scholam non venerunt:
agnus et porcus non sunt idem. Agnus dicit baa —por-
cus dicit oink. Agnus etiam albus est, sed porci non albi
sunt. Porci lutum ( mud) amant. Agni lutum non amant.
Vita porcorum non facilis est—non semper habent
carnes bovinas assas—debent esse in luto—debent fere
semper dicere oink —et postquam discesserunt ex hac
vita, debent esse cibi pro nobis (us). Ergo Marcus motus
est misericordia pro porcis. Ergo Marcus porcos amavit.
Sed amavit etiam Mariam. Ergone fuit Maria porcus?
NON. Maria, dicit Marcus, est agna parva. Estne agnus
proscriptus a Sulla? Non. Sulla enim non vult interficere
agnos; Sulla vult interficere Romanos.

English to Latin

1. The same men are coming. 2. Marcus saw him.
3. There was war among the citizens. 4. Athough the
power of Mithradates had not been broken, Sulla re¬
turned to the city. 5. For Sulla feared Marius and
wanted to kill many of Marius’ friends. 6. Sulla also
snatched many precious things from Athens (Athenis).
7. He then returned ( venit rursus) to Italy in his ships.

Scramble Exercise

Sulla in urbem, quia Marium timuit, rursus venit. In
foro Romano, postquam Sulla urbem cepit, quotidie
nomina proscriptorum a Sulla sunt posita. Magna cum
trucidatione multi quia non erant amici Sullae sunt
interfecti a Sulla.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA SEXTA

De tribus casibus relativi pronominis: qui

Summary: Sulla’s proscription killed about 5,000. He also became Dictator for life.
He revised the constitution to strengthen the corrupt senate. He abdicated in 79
B.C., died in 78 B.C. Pompey had served well under Sulla. He got the title “the
Great.” In 70 B.C. he was consul with Crassus—together they undid Sulla’s work
on the constitution. After this consulate, Pompey won further fame in wars against
the Cilician pirates, Mithradates, Tigranes, and the Jews.

Sulla ergo et amici Sullae interfecerunt fere quinque mfllia civium Ro-
manorum. Fecerunt haec in anno octogesimo secundo ( 82) ante Christum.
Eodem anno, Sulla factus est Dictator. Cincinnatus fuerat Dictator per
paucos dies. Sulla amavit senatum, sed non amavit plebem. Ergo Sulla
fecit multas leges. Hae leges fecerunt potestatem senatus maiorem. Sed
Sulla non debuit facere potestatem senatus maiorem. Senatus enim cor¬
rupts erat. Sed Sulla erat caecus. Postquam leges multas (multae ex eis
erant malae) fecit, Sulla Dictaturam deposuit in anno septuagesimo nono
(79). In anno septuagesimo octavo (78) discessit ex hac vita.

In exercitu Sullae fuerat Gnaeus Pompeius. Is fortiter pugnaverat pro
Sulla contra amlcos Mari. Pro his laboribus acceperat tltulum “Magnus.”
Pompeius enim humilitatem non amavit. Sed postquam Sulla discessit ex
hac vita, Pompeius fecerat nomen suum magnum multis bellis. Pompeius
etiam factus est consul anni septuagesimi (70). Crassus fuit consul
cum Pompeio. Crassus fuerat legatus Sullae. Sed Pompeius et Crassus,
quamquam fuerant amici Sullae, deleverunt fere omnes leges novas Sullae.
Itaque omnes labores Sullae ad nihil venerunt! Post hunc annum sep-
tuagesimum ante Christum, Pompeius accepit alia imperia extraordinaria:
pugnavit contra piratas Cillciae, contra Mithradatem, contra Tigranem,
et contra Judaeos.

pauci-/cw

maior-greater

caecus -blind

d ictat lira-d ictatorsh ip

tltulus -title

humiWtas-humility

quamquam-although

imperium -power, command

puata-pirate

VOCABULARIUM

quamquam-a//JioM^/j

maior, maius, maiore-

caecus, a, um -blind

greater

imperium, o -command,

pauci, ae, a (plural forms

power

only)-few

Nunc Cogitemus

The Relative Pronoun: qui, quae, quod means who,
which, that :

Singular

Nom.

qui

quae

quod

Obj.

quern

quam

quod

Abl.

quo

qua

quo

Plural

Nom.

qui

quae

Obj.

quos

quas

quae

Abl.

quibus

The only really strange forms are the top three: qui,
quae, quod. The others are all familiar enough—only
difficulty is that they jump about the first three de¬
clensions. The feminine behaves, as a lady should,
mostly first declension only. But the men and animals
change.

The ablative plural is third— quibus. The neuter
nominative and objective quod at least obeys the usual
neuter rule—as does the plural quae. Masculine plural
qui and quos are normal, as is ablative singular quo.
But quern is just plain odd, though not so bad as nomi-

Circuluslatinus.org

native singular qui. But, with only five words vocabulary
today, we can afford to memorize a bit.

How Do We Use the Relatives? Some use relatives
to borrow money—but notice these examples.

Marcus vidit Mariam, quae amdvit agnum.
Marcus saw Mary, who loved the lamb.

Notice the gender, number and case of quae. It is nomi¬
native because it is the subject of amdvit. But it is femi¬
nine and singular because it refers back to Mary. We call
Mary the antecedent. And here is the principle: the
RELATIVE AGREES WITH THE ANTECEDENT IN GENDER

(masculine, feminine or neuter) and number (singu¬
lar or plural) but not in case (nominative, objective,
etc.). So, for practice, let’s watch the use of the relatives
and antecedents below.

Exerceamus Nos
Look for agreement.

Marius Mariam amavit. Sulla Sullam amavit. Sed
Cincinnatus Romam, quae urbs bona fuit, amavit.
Pompeius, qui in exercitu Sullae fuerat, leges Sullae
delevit. Agnus, qui in schola erat, dixit: Maria est puella
bona. Quid dixit porcus qui in foro erat? Dixitne oui
ouil Otique. Et vidit alium porcum, qui carnes bovinas
assas habuerat. Sed porcum qui habuit carnes porcinas
assas non vidit. Quia non est porcus qui habuit carnes
porcinas assas. Sulla multos Romanos interfecit. Sed is
qui multos alios interfecerat, non interfectus est.
Marius e manibus Sullae evasit. Marius in Africa erat.
Asia est terra quae est minor quam ( smaller than )
Asia Minor. Quia Asia est provincia Romana quae in
parte occidentali Asiae Minoris est. Mithradates Asiam

Romanam capere voluit. Mithradates erat rex qui mag-
nam potestatem habuit. Sulla potestatem Mithradatis
frangere debuit, sed hoc non fecit. Sulla enim amicos
Mari, qui in urbe erant, punire voluit. Sed non omnes
amici mali sunt. Marcus enim habuit amicam quae
habuit agnum qui habuit vellus ( fleece ) album. Marcus
erat amicus huius (of this ) amicae. Arnica erat Maria.
Marcus et Maria non mali fuerunt. Agnus non malus
fuit (quamquam venit in scholam—id quod non debuit
facere). Et agnus habuit vellus quod non malum fuit
(album fuit vellus). Ubi est legatus Romanus qui aurum
calidum in guttur accepit? Ille non iam est in Asia. Auro
accepto habuit caput calidum et discessit. Sed non in hac
vita est. Vita enim non est bona quando vir aurum in
gutture habet. Sed vir qui hoc fecit (qui aurum infudit)
est vir malus.

English to Latin

1. He saw the general who fought with Mithradates. 2.
Few lambs come to school. 3. The pirates who seized
Caesar have been killed. 4. Those who hated Sulla were
killed by Sulla’s men. 5. Pompey was the man whom
the pirates were not able to conquer. 6. Pompey re¬
ceived great power by a new law. 7. Those who were
blind were not able to see.

Scramble Exercise

Nomen “Magnus” quia fortiter pugnavit accepit Gnaeus
Pompeius. fitiam multa imperia extraordinaria, quia
dux bonus erat, a senatu Romano accepit. Hoc modo
contra piratas qui periculum in mari fecerant pugnavit.
Etiam Iudaeos, qui in terra sancta fuerunt, in imperium
Romanum idem Pompeius duxit (led).

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA SEPTIMA

De tribus casibus pronominum: quidam et ipse et sui

Summary: Caesar was born in 100 B.C. He learned from Marius’ and Sulla’s exam¬
ple how a strong man could seize power. He was on the side of Marius. He married
the daughter of Cinna, a Marian chief. Sulla ordered divorce—Caesar refused and
had to flee. When captured, friends managed to beg him off. Caesar went to the East.
Later, on another trip to Rhodes to study oratory under Molo, he was captured
by pirates. He paid the ransom and escaped. But before going to Rhodes, he took
other ships, captured the pirates, and crucified them all, as he had promised them.

Sed primo saeculo ante Christum fuerunt multi viri magni. Inter hos erat
Gaius Iulius Caesar. Caesar venit in hunc mundum in anno centesimo
(100) ante nativitatem Christi. Bellum civile inter Marium et Sullam
accidit in iuventute Caesaris. Caesar erat ex parte Mari. Ex exemplo Mari
et Sullae, Caesar didicit quod vir audax cum exercitu poterat capere Ro-
mam et facere omnia quae voluit. Anno octogesimo tertio (83), Caesar
duxit Corneliam, filiam Cinnae in matrimonium. Cinna erat amicus Mari.
Sulla ergo motus est ira. Sulla iussit Caesarem relinquere hanc uxorem. Sed
Caesar negavit. Necesse erat fugere ex urbe. Caesar ergo fugit in montes.
Sed inventus est ab amicis Sullae, et ductus est ad Sullam. Sulla voluit
punire Caesarem. Amici Caesaris rogaverunt Sullam, et non punivit
Caesarem. Sed Sulla dixit: “Multi Marii sunt in illo viro.”

Sed Caesar non remansit in urbe. Postquam autem Sulla discessit ex hac
vita, Caesar venit rursus in urbem. Sed voluit esse orator magnus. Ergo
navigavit ad insulam Rhodum, in qua erat magister magnus rhetoricae
artis: Molo. Sed navis in qua Caesar erat capta est a piratis. Necesse erat
dare multam pecuniam piratis (to the pirates). Hoc modo Caesar evasit
ex manibus piratarum. Sed antequam navigavit ad insulam in qua Molo
erat, Caesar voluit piratas punire. Itaque invenit naves alias et invenit
piratas. Crucffixit omnes.

Hoc enim promiserat, quando erat in captivitate piratarum.

accidit-happened
iuventus-yoMf/i
exemplum-ex ample
didicit -learned
auda x-bold
duxit -led
filia-daughter
matrimonium -marriage
relinquere-/eove
uxor-wife

negar e-say no, refuse
fuger t-fiee
autem-however
magister -teacher
ars -art
pirata -pirate

VOCABULARIUM

accidere, accidit,-

ducere in matrimonium-

happen

marry

discere, didicit,-

[fugiunt], fugere, fugit.

learn

fugiturus-/?ee

ducere, duxit, ductus-

autem-however, moreover

lead

(never first word in its

clause)

bona ars, arte (poss. pi.

is -ium) -art, skill

audax, audaci -bolfl

Caesar, Caesar c-Caesar

bona iuventus, iuventute-yowf/i (time of life)

magister, magistro-teacher

Nunc Cogitemus

Quidam : The English word “certain” is a bad word. For
sometimes it really does mean “certain,” something defi¬
nite: e.g., I am certain that it is true. But at other times
it is anything but certain—it is indefinite: e.g., a certain
man is coming.

Now Latin has two words: it uses certus when it really
is certain. But when it is indefinite, as in the second ex¬
ample, Latin uses quidam.

Quidam is easy to decline—just add -dam to the rela¬
tive qui, quae, quod. Sometimes an m of the ending be¬
fore the -dam is changed to n, but not always. However,
the neuter nominative-objective singular may be either
quoddam or quiddam. Quoddam is the adjective form

Circuluslatinus.org

(when it modifies something). Quiddam is the pronoun
form (when it stands alone). For quidam may be either
adjective or pronoun.

Ipse is declined exactly like ille except for the neuter
nominative-objective singular which is ipsum. Isn’t
Latin almost too easy!

Use of Ipse: Ipse means himself, herself, themselves,
myself, yourself, etc. In other words, it is a strengthener
—it adds the suffix-re// to any pronoun in English.
Notice:

He himself came. She herself came.

Ipse venit. Ipsa venit.

Caesar himself killed them.

Caesar ipse interfecit eos.

But what about this: Caesar killed himself? May we
use ipse for himself here? No. This is different. In this
sentence we have a pronoun, himself, that refers back
to the subject. We call it, therefore, a reflexive.
Himself is not part of the subject (for if it were part
of the subject, it could not refer back to it). So we need
a different word here: the different word is se. Caesar
interfecit se. Compare the other examples above. In
them the word himself (or herself) does not refer back
to the subject. It cannot refer back to it, because it is part
of the subject. But consider this sentence.

Caesar himself killed himself.

Caesar ipse interfecit se.

Now we have one of each. It would pay to memorize that
sentence (or one like it).

Forms of SE: Since se has only four forms it would pay
to learn them now (no nominative):

No nom.—

Poss. sui

Dative sibi (we have not yet met dative, but will soon)
Obj. se (or sese )

Abl. se (or sese)

The singular and plural are the same on se. Sometimes
ipse reinforces se: Caesar interfecit seipsum. And now
that we have had our say,

Exerceamus Nos

Learn how ipse and se appear in sentences.

Quidam viri ad Sullam ipsum venerunt. Dixerunt
quod Caesar ipse in montes fugerat. Sulla enim Caesa-
rem punfre voluit, sed Caesar fugit. Non voluit se dare
Sullae (to Sulla). Caesar erat vir audax qui filiam Cin-
nae in matrimonium duxerat. Hoc fecerat quamquam

Cinna ipse erat vir magnus ex parte Mari. Marius ipse
non est interfectus a Sulla. Et Marius se non interfecit.
Marius modo naturali discessit ex hac vita. Postquam
Marius discessit, Cinna ipse erat vir maximus inter
Marianos. Sulla ergo iussit quosdam viros invenire
Caesarem ipsum. Sed invenire eum non erat facile.
Caesare invento, hi viri ad Sullam venerunt. Caesar ipse
etiam venit. Sulla ira motus est contra Caesarem. Sulla
eum punire voluit, sed Caesar etiam quosdam amicos
habuit. Hi amici Sullam ipsum pro Caesare rogaverunt.
Sulla Caesarem non interfecit.

Caesar ipse etiam multa bona fecit: non interfecit
omnes inimicos ( enemies) suos. Sed piratas interfecit.
Piratae enim navem in qua Caesar erat ceperant. Caesar
ipse multam pecuniam dare coactus est. Sed postea
(later) Caesar venit rursus ad piratas qui acceperant
pecuniam a se. Venit ad eos aliis navibus, et eos inter¬
fecit.

Caesar artem rhetoricam discere voluit—esse orator
maximus voluit. Molo erat magister bonus artis rhetori-
cae. Caesar ipse factus est orator bonus. Sed etiam im-
perator maximus erat. Imperator bonus bonas orationes
ad milites suos habere debet. Caesar hoc fecit.

Sed Marcus etiam orator bonus erat: Marcus enim
multas orationes ad Mariam ipsam habuit. Marcus
dixit: Maria est agna parva. Et Maria ipsa dixit: O!
Marcus est orator bonus. Agnus etiam quasdam ora¬
tiones quas Marcus ad Mariam habuit audivit. Quid
dixit agnus ipse? Facile est dicere. Sed agnus ipse amavit
Mariam. Maria agnum non interfecit. Et agnus sese non
interfecit. Agnus qui in schola erat voluit accipere suum
B.A.

English to Latin

1. Caesar married Cornelia. 2. Sulla was angry
(moved with anger). 3. It was necessary to flee into
the mountains. 4. There are certain men in Italy who
want to destroy Rome. 5. They themselves want to do
it. 6. Many men were led into danger by bad men.
7. Caesar did not want to kill himself—Cassius did that
for him.

Scramble Exercise

Caesar duxit filiam Cinnae, quern Sulla non amavit in
matrimonium. Caesarem, quia hoc fecit, Sulla interfi-
cere voluit. Sed non debuit Sulla Caesarem velle inter-
ficere. In domo sua hie bellum habuit. Uxorem enim
habuit. His auditis, quid dixit Sulla? Quod multi Marii
in illo viro sunt dixit.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: Caesar was consul with Bibulus in 59 B.C. He formed the first triumvirate
with Pompey and Crassus. Caesar’s daughter married Pompey. But Caesar wanted
a greater military reputation—so he obtained Gaul, with four legions, as his
province. He went there after his consulship.

Caesar factus est consul anni quinquagesimi noni (59). Collega
Caesaris erat Bibulus. Sed Bibulus non erat vir magnus. Caesar ergo
habuit fere omnem potestatem. Caesar, Pompeius, et Crassus facti sunt
amici. Vocaverunt se “Triumviri.” Id est, fecerunt Primum Triumviratum.
Hi tres fecerunt omnia quae voluerunt facere in urbe. Pompeius enim et
Caesar erant viri militares magni. Crassus erat vir divitissimus in urbe.
Non ergo erat difficile rapere omnem potestatem. Pompeius duxit Iuliam
in matrimonium. Iulia erat filia Caesaris. Hoc modo novum vinculum
creatum est inter Caesarem et Pompeium.

In hoc tempore, Caesar erat bonus imperator, sed voluit facere nomen
maius. Pompeius enim, multis nationibus victis, erat maximus imperator.
Et Caesar non habuit magnum amorem humilitatis. Caesar ergo voluit
accipere magnam provinciam et magnum exercitum post consulatum
suum.

Provincia Caesaris erat Illyricum et Gallia. In exercitu quern accepit,
Caesar habuit quattuor legiones. Cum his legionibus, Caesar venit in
Galliam. Pompeius et Crassus autem non venerunt in Galliam: reman-
serunt in urbe. Exercitu in Galliam ducto, Caesar invenitquod Gallia erat
divisa in tres partes. Galli pugnaverunt saepe inter se. Caesar etiam scivit
quod Galli olim ceperant Romam—id est, fere totam urbem—sed anseres
servaverant Capitolium.

collega -colleague

tTium\m-triumvirs

tres-three

divitissimus-nc/ierf
diflici\is-difficult
vinculum -bond
maius -neuter of maior
amor-/ove

consul&tus-consulshi p
qu&ttuor-four
olim -once, long ago
divisus-divided
anser-goose

VOCABULARIUM

dividere, divisit, divisus- olim -once (upon a time )
divide nondum-nof yet

magnus amor, amor e-love
consulatus, u-consulship
difficilis, e, i-difficult
quattuor (indeclinable)-four
tres, tria, tribus (no singular,
of course ) -three
vinculum, o -bond, chain

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Decline together: quidam vir, Maria ipsa, quoddam
vinculum, idem exercitus. 2. How do you say: it hap¬
pens, they are learning, they receive, they do capture,

they are fighting, they come, they do have? 3. How do
you say: it had been broken, he had been seized, she
had been recalled?

Exerceamus Nos

Gallia divisa in partes tres, Romani pacem nondum
habuerunt. Caesar ergo Gallos vincere voluit. Post con¬
sulatum suum, Caesar exercitum accepit. In exercitu
erant quattuor legiones. Nomen collegae Caesaris erat
Bibulus. Bibulus novas leges quas Caesar proposuit non
amavit. Bibulus ergo domi remansit. Caesar autem in
senatu erat.

Caesar filiam habuit: nomen filiae erat Iulia. Pom¬
peius Iuliam amavit, et earn in matrimonium duxit.
Iulia ergo erat uxor Pompei. Pompeius et Caesar inter
se pugnare voluerant. Sed Iulia prohibuit ( prevented )
eos—Iulia enim ipsa cum Pompeio pugnare voluit. Sed

Circuluslatinus.org

postquam Iulia ex bac vita disc6ssit, Pomp6ius cum
Ca6sare pugnavit. Magnum habu6runt bellum. Caesar
enim magnam potestatem hdbuit sed maiorem potesta-
tem habere voluit. Pomp6ius 6tiam magnam potestdtem
habuit, sed maiorem voluit. Voluitne Caesar divfdere
Romam in duas partes? Non. Non erat nec6sse—quia
Gdllia iam divisa erat in tres partes. Caesar ipse non
voluit habere quinque partes. Duo enim et tres sunt
quinque. Agnus in tres partes non estdivisus. Maria enim
agnum esse cibum pro se non voluit. Agnus enim multa
scivit, quia semper in scbola erat. Agnus 6tiam suum
B.A. acc6pit.

Columbus 6tiam uxorem in matrimonium duxit.
Uxor Columbi am&vit eum, sed uxor in Am6ricam cum
Columbo non venit. Uxor enim non voluit vid6re Status
Foederdtos Am6ricae. Nec Columbus ipse hos Status
vid6re voluit. Gedrgius enim Washington nondum hos
Status fund4verat. Georgius enim Washington nondum
in America fuit—nondum in hac vita fuit. Sed Colum¬
bus didicit quod America non fuit parva.

English to Latin

1. Is Caesar the man who divided Gaul into three
parts? 2. Caesar fled into the mountains. 3. Bold men
learn from danger. 4. Once upon a time there was a
little girl who was called Mary. 5. Marcus is the man
who wants to marry Mary. 6. Marcus was caught in the
chains of love. 7. Many dangers happened when Caesar
was consul.

Scramble Exercise

Bibulus, dum in senitu Rom&no multas leges novas
proposuit Caesar, domi remansit. Magnas et bonas
orationes, quas senatores amav6runt, in sen&tu habuit
Caesar. Orationibus h&bitis, ex6rcitum accdpit et in
G&lliam eum duxit. Sed in urbe rem&nsit Pomp6ius.
Amore Iuliae captus, Pomp6ius nihil hoc t6mpore contra
Ca6sarem fecit.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO VIGESIMA NONA

De tempore praesenti in persona tertia vocis passivae

Summary: Caesar wanted to conquer Gaul to remove the constant threat to Rome.
But he also, knowing what Marius and Sulla had done, wanted a great army loyal to
himself. Perhaps he could foresee a conflict with Pompey. He spent nine years in
Gaul, and even invaded Germany and Britain—but no complete conquests there.
At Rome, Pompey began to get jealous—Julia had died—and began to plot to
ruin Caesar.

Quia Caesar scivit quod Galli olim ceperant Romam, voluit vincere ipsos.
Romani enim semper timuerant Gallos. Caesar etiam voluit habere exerci-
tum magnum—scivit ea quae Marius et Sulla f&erant cum exercitibus.
Marius enim et Sulla habuerunt exercitus qui exspectaverunt praemia ab
illis, non a Roma, ltaque hi exercitus semper fecerunt omnia quae Marius
et Sulla iusserunt—etiam ceperunt Romam ipsam. Caesar probabiliter
potuit praevidere bellum cum Pompeio; ltaque voluit habere exercitum
virorum qui exspectaverunt praemia ab ipso, non a Roma. Talis exercitus
pugn£ret ( would fight ) etiam in bello civili.

Caesar erat in Gallia per novem (9) annos. In his annis vicit omnem
Galliam. Ante hoc tempus, Romani tenuerant solum parvam partem
G£lliae—partem quae voc4ta est “Provincia.” Ilia provincia erat in Gallia
meridionali.

Caesar etiam venit trans flumen Rhenum in Germ6niam. lnsuper navi-
gavit in Britanniam. Sed non vicit omnem Britanniam. Nec vicit omnem
Germ6niam. Germ^ni enim et Brit6nni fuerunt viri fortes. Verum est
quod quidam Brit&nni victi sunt, sed non omnes. Difficile erat tenere
Britanniam.

Sed Pompeius remanserat in urbe. Ille audivit de victoriis magnis
Caesaris. Victoriis Caesaris auditis, Pompeius motus est invidia contra
Caesarem. Uxor enim Pompei (quae fuerat filia Caesaris) discesserat ex
hac vita. Pompeius ergo fecit consilia contra Caesarem; voluit delere
Caesarem. (Continu4bitur eras)

exspectdr e-expect
praemium -reward
praevider t-foresee
talis-juc/t
tenuit -hold
meridionalis-jowt/?
insuptr-besides
nec -and not
invidia-envy

V OCABUL ARIUM

exspect£re, 4vit, 4tus- insuper-m addition

expect nec (nequ e)-and not

praevidere, vidit, visus- nec ... nec -neither ...
foresee nor

invidia, a -envy, unpopularity
meridion£lis, e, i -south
praemium, o -reward
talis, e, i -such

Nunc Cogitemus

Present Passive, Third Singular and Plural: We
have learned how to form the present active, third
singular and plural. Thus, in the singular:

Caesar vincit Galliam
Caesar conquers Gaul

does conquer Gaul
is conquering Gaul.

We must now learn how to say: Caesar is conquered —or

Caesar is being conquered.
But it is easy to do so. Simply add two letters -ur, to the
active endings. Therefore, the third singular endings be¬
come: -atur, -etur, -itur, -itur.

The plural endings become: -antur, -entur, -untur (some
have -iuntur as in active) and -iuntur.

Latin is really too easy!

Present Infinitive Passive: We now know how to
say: to find — invenire. How do we make it say: to BE

Circuluslatinus.org

found ? Simple—in all but the third conjugation, just
change the final e of the infinitive to /. Thus

1. parari 2. haberi 3. inveniri

In the third conjugation, we substitute the letter / for the
whole -ere, thus:

4. capere-capi

The meanings: 1. to be prepared 2. to be had 3. to
be found 4. to be seized. And now

Exerceamus Nos

Check present tense patterns and infinitives.

Hannibal a Romanis capi non vult. Sed elephanti Han-
nibalis a Romanis non iam timentur. Romani elephantos
quos Pyrrhus habuit timuerunt—sed Romani diebus
Pyrrhi nondum elephantos vfderant. Nunc elephanti
saepe a militibus Romanis videntur. Multi Romani his
proeliis interficiuntur, sed Roma non potest deleri. Ro¬
mani dicunt quod Roma aeterna est.

Viri qui in maribus multis navigant a piratis interfici
possunt. Sed etiam piratae capi possunt. Multi piratae a
Pompeio capiuntur et interficiuntur. Sed Pompeius ipse
capitur a Iulia. Cornelia, fflia Cinnae, in matrimonium
a Caesare ducitur. Quia hoc fecit, Caesar a Sulla non
amatur.

Praemia a militibus Caesaris exspectantur. Caesar
dicit quod pecunia illis {to them) debetur. Itaque milites
Caesarem amant. Caesar a militibus amatur. Pro eo
fortiter pugnant. Sed etiam pro Roma pugnant. Sed
pecunia a Caesare datur. Quidam dicunt quod Roma

dat pecuniam. Verum dicunt, sed Caesar rogat senatum
dare pecuniam. Ignis iacitur in pontem in quo Horatius
stat. Horatius ergo seipsum in aquam iacit. Cincinnatus
Dictator creatur. Cincinnatus videtur (seems) esse vir
bonus. Et non solum videtur; re vera est vir bonus, verus
Romanus. Vir qui bonus est non vult videri bonus: vult
esse bonus. Omnes tales esse debent.

Multum aurum a Carthaginiensibus habetur: Car-
thaginienses enim boni mercatores sunt. Multa pecunia
a bonis mercatoribus accipitur. Sed pecuniam amare
non est bonum. Pecunia amari non debet. Amor pecu¬
niae est vinculum quod viros in terra tenet.

English to Latin

1. Hannibal ought to be killed. 2. The soldiers are
being led into the city. 3. Good arts are learned in
school. 4. Because of (abl. alone) great envy, many
good men are being killed. 5. He seems to be a good
man. 6. Such men are not found in every country. 7.
Neither in Africa nor in Italy are they seen.

Scramble Exercise

Antiquis in temporibus, Roma, quae etiam in illis diebus
urbs non parva fuit, fere tota a Gallis est capta. Caesar
itaque, qui magnam voluit habere potestatem, exercitum
accepit et in illam terram quam Galli tenuerunt venit.
Non solum in Galliam, sed etiam in aliam terram in qua
viri feroces erant venit Caesar. Terra haec Germania
fuit. Caesar, quamquam omnem, in qua tres partes
erant, Galliam vicit, non totam vicit Germaniam.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA

De casu dativo

Summary: Pompey’s plan was to get Caesar back to Rome without any office—
then he could be accused in court. But Caesar had the privilege of running for the
consulate in absentia. Pompey himself could not come into the senate—he did not
want to dismiss his army. But he worked through friends. Pompey’s friends got the
senate to order Caesar to dismiss his army by a certain date. Two tribunes in the
senate vetoed this measure. But the senate, contrary to the constitution, ignored the
veto.

Hie est modus quo Pompeius voluit delere Caesarem: voluit cogere eum
redire in urbem sine exercitu et sine magistrate Vir enim qui tenet magis-
tratum, non potest in iudicium vocari. Pompeius voluit accusare Cae¬
sarem. Sed Caesar scivit consilia Pompei—Caesar ergo rogaverat et acce-
perat privilegium a plebe: Caesar poterat petere consulatum quamquam
in urbe non erat. Pompeius voluit delere hoc privilegium. Pompeius ipse
non erat in senatu Romano in hoc tempore. Pompeius enim habuit exerci-
tum. Necesse erat aut dipnttere exercitum aut non venire in senatum.
Pompeius non voluit dimittere exercitum, quia praevidit bellum cum
Caesare. Ergo Pompeius ipse non venit in senatum, sed amici Pompei
venerunt in senatum pro eo.

Caesar miserat epistulam ad senatum, in qua explicavit id quod voluit.
fitiam explicavit privilegium quod habuit a plebe. Quamquam haec vera
erant, inimici Caesaris in senatu habuerunt orationes multas contra
Caesarem. His orationibus auditis (et quia multi inimici Caesaris erant in
senatu) senatus iussit Caesarem dimittere exercitum ante certum diem.

Sed in senatu fuerunt etiam duo tribuni plebis. Hi erant amici Caesaris.
Hi duo tribuni intercesserunt pro Caesare. Senatus ergo debuit revocare
decretum contra Caesarem. Quia tribuni habiierant hanc potestatem ex
tempore in quo plebs discessit ex urbe in Mon tern Sacrum. Sed senatus non
voluit revocare decretum. Senatus corruptus erat: non facit id quod debet
facere. Quid ergo debent tribuni facere? Quid debet Caesar ipse facere?
(Continuabitur)

redir e-return
magistratus -office
iudicium-fr/a/, court
accusar t-accuse
pttzrz-seek

aut... aut-either.. .or
dimittere-d ism iss
explicavit -explained
inimicus -enemy
intercedere-ve/o
decretum -decree

V OCABULARIUM

accusare, avit, atus,

ask, seek

accuse, blame

redire, rediit,* rediturus

dimittere, misit, missus-

(the third plural pres-

dismiss

ent is redeunt )-return,

explicare, avit, atus-

go back

explain

aut -or

petere, petivit, petitus-

aut... aut-either.. .or

inimicus, o -enemy (personal enemy)

iudicium, o -judgment, court, trial

Nunc Cogitemus

Use of Dative Case: The last of the generally used
cases that we need to learn is the dative—it is the indi¬

rect object case. It expresses many ideas which English
expresses by “to” or “for.” But notice a difference in
these two sentences:

1. Venit ad urbem. 2. Dedit praemium

militibus.

He came to the city. He gave a reward to

the soldiers.

Both sentences have the same word to. But in one we
use ad, in the other we use the dative. Why? Because in
the first sentence, someone is going somewhere —there
is motion from place to place. But in the second sentence
there is no motion from place to place. Therefore, the
idea of to is expressed by

ad with objective—when it involves motion from
place to place

Circuluslatinus.org

dative—when it does not involve motion from place
to place.

Forms of Dative Case: Here are the endings for the
five declensions (gender makes no difference):

1 .

nautae nautis
3.

militi militibus

2 .

agno agnis
4.

senatui senatibus

diei diebus

Notice that in the plurals, the datives are the same as the
ablatives —so out of the ten new endings, five are not
really new. In the singular, there is some overlapping.
For exercise, figure out which other forms match
singulars.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Word Order Sandwiches: In Lesson 20 we first
learned a new trick in word order. We learned the type:
Maria agnum habet. Most of us are probably fairly well
used to it by now—in a bit more time it will seem posi¬
tively easy. But sometimes (not nearly so often) we find
sandwiches in the word order, such as:

Caesar magnum habuit exercitum.

Caesar had a LARGE army.

Notice what happens: we take the phrase, magnum
exercitum, and cut it open, and insert another word,
hdbuit. Some writers use this sort of thing only for
emphasis—it gives an effect much like the use of the
capitals in the word LARGE. Others use it often merely
because they like it. Watch for a few examples of these
sandwiches in the exercise below:

Mdrius multa praemia militibus dederat. Sulla ergo
etiam aurum et agros amicis suis dedit. Caesari non erat
difficile haec facere. Pompeius est inimicus Caesari.
Caesaris enim potestdtem delere vult. Pompeius etiam
exercitum habet. Itaque non licet Pompeio venire in
senatum. Sed licet Caesari petere consulatum quam-
quam in urbe non est. Plebs Caesari tale privilegium

dederat. Tribuni sendtui explicare voluerunt quod
Caesar hoc privilegium habere debuit.

Caesar ipse hoc tempore non in Gallia erat. Caesar
erat in Itdlia: erat in parte meridionali provinciae suae.
Erat in urbe quae Ravenna vocatur. Caesar sine magis-
trdtu in urbem Romanam redire non voluit: scivit quod
Pompeius vocare eum in iudicium voluit. Sed Caesar,
dum hdbuit magistratum, non poterat in iudicium vo-
cari. Pompeius invidia contra Caesarem motus est.
Caesar enim nomen magnum sibi in Gallia fecerat.
Pompeius etiam nomen magnum hdbuit, sed non voluit
Caesarem esse maiorem.

Bonus civis non debet dicere tdlia: bonus civis
amorem pro urbe sua habere debet. Roma in magno
erat periculo quia Caesar et Pompeius inter se pugnave-
runt. Roma Pompeio magnam dederat potestdtem—
etiam Caesari magnam dedit potestdtem. Hi duo inter se
pugndre non debent. Nec Caesar nec Pompeius debet
hoc fdcere.

Cincinndtus cum sendtu non pugndvit. Agnus cum
Maria non pugndvit. Sed Marcus pugndvit cum Maria.
Marcus Mariam amavit, sed Maria dixit quod agnus in
schola remanere debuit: et Marcus dixit quod non de¬
buit. Sed Marcus hoc dicere non debuit. Quia Marcus
ipse erat agnus (Maria hoc dixit).

English to Latin

1. Caesar returned to the city. 2. He learned to fight.
3. The tribunes explained the letter to the senate. 4.
Many rewards are being given to the soldiers. 5. They
are now returning to Italy. 6. That is the city from which
they sailed. 7. It is easy to explain the matter (res) to
Caesar.

Scramble Exercise

Caesari, quia vir bonus fuerat, et multa pro Roma
fecerat, plebs Romdna magnum dederat privilegium.
Hoc privilegio potuit Caesar consulatum petere quam-
quam in Gallia, non in urbe erat. Sed invidia motus est
vir qui debuit amicus Caesari esse—Pompeius. Hie
itaque populum Romanum rogavit privilegium delere
Caesaris. His auditis, Caesar ad sendtum epistulam, in
qua omnem expliedvit rem, misit.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA PRIMA

De verbis deponentibus

Summary: The tribunes fled to Caesar. He declared the constitution violated, and
so crossed the Rubicon. Most towns opened their gates willingly to him. The senate
and Pompey fled from Rome. Pompey went to Brundisium, and sailed to Greece.
Caesar could not pursue for want of ships. So he went to Spain, where legates of
Pompey had an army. Meanwhile ships were made for Caesar.

Sen&tus fecerat rem malam—egerat contra intercessionem tribunorum.
His factis, tribuni fugerunt ad Caesarem. Caesar ergo dixit: “Sen&tus egit
contra leges. Necesse estdefendere leges.” Flumen Rubico erat finis meri-
dion&lis provinciae Caesaris. Lex dixit quod Caesar non debuit iter f&cere
trans Rubiconem cum exercitu—sed sen£tus iam egerat contra leges.
Caesar ergo dixit quod debuit defendere leges. Caesar duxit exercitum
suum trans Rubiconem. Sed non necesse erat pugn&re statim. Oppida enim
Mliae aperuerunt portas Caesari sine pugna.

Pompeius et sendtus audiverunt quod oppida aperuerant portas Caesari
sine pugna. His auditis timuerunt remanere in urbe. Fere omnes senatores
et amici fugerunt ex urbe, et venerunt in partem meridion&lem Mliae.
Sed Pompeius et exercitus venerunt in quoddam oppidum quod voc&tum
£st Brundisium. Brundisium enim erat portus ex quo naves navigaverunt
in Graeciam.

Sed Caesar et exercitus etiam venerunt Brundisium (to Brundisium).
Voluerunt pugndre cum Pompeidno exercitu. Sed non poterant pugn&re
cum eis, quia Pompeius posuit milites suos in naves, et navig£vit ad
Graeciam. Caesar non poterat sequi (to follow) eos, quia nullae naves
remanserunt in illo oppido. Caesar ergo discessit Brundisio (from Brundi¬
sium), et iter fecit in Hisp&niam. In Hisp&nia enim legdti Pompei habue-
runt exercitum 41ium. Interea naves factae sunt pro Caesare. (Continu-
4bitur)

egit -acted
intercessio-ve/o
defender e-defend
finis -end, border
oppidum-fown
porta-^afe
ap6ruit -opened
portus -port
nullus-no, none
intetea-meanwhile

VOCABULARIUM

£gere, egit, actus-do,

loqui, locutus csi-speak

drive, act, discuss,

sequi, secutus est -follow

spend (time)

interea -meanwhile

aperire, aperuit, apertus-

nullus, a, um-no, none

open

oppidum, o-town

con&ri, con&tus est-
attempt

porta, di-gate, door

Deponent Verbs: We are going to like these verbs—
they have only two parts, not three. The reason is that
they have nothing but passive forms. But the usual sec¬
ond part is exclusively active— ergo, no second part. So
we have: 1. the passive infinitive—recognize the con¬

jugation as usual, e.g., -ari is first, but -i is third; and
2. the perfect passive third singular. But— although

THE FORMS ARE PASSIVE: THE MEANINGS ARE ALL AC¬
TIVE! Therefore, for example, sequi has a passive form
—but its meaning is: to follow (not: to be followed).
And secutus est means: he followed (not: he was fol¬
lowed).

Going to or from Towns and Cities: There is an odd
thing about the construction to be used with names of
towns and cities.

We would expect: venit ad Romam or in Romam or
ex Roma or a Roma.

But we get:

venit— Romam or Romam or Roma or Roma.

In other words, we use the same case: objective-to go to;

Circuluslatinus.org

ablative-to go from—but, as a rule, no preposition.
Sometimes the preposition is used, especially when we
mean the vicinity of a town, not the town itself. And
sometimes it is used when we really do mean the town
itself—but usually we get no preposition.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Caesar Pompeium secutus est. Pompeius enim venerat
Brundfsium. Caesar etiam venit Brundisium. Sed Pom¬
peius naves habuit. Itaque, Pompeius Brundfsio disces-
sit. Sed Caesar Brundfsio per mare discedere non
poterat; nullas habuit naves. Caesar ergo eum sequi non
conatus est. Quid ergo egit Caesar? Locutus est milfti-
bus. Dixit quod debent in Hispaniam venire. Pompei
enim legati in Hispania sunt: necesse est vfncere legatos
Pompei. Alioquin ( otherwise) illi legati possunt venire
ad terga (backs) exercitus. Sed non erat necesse loqui
multa milftibus. Mflites Caesarem statim sequuntur.
Sperant multa praemia a Caesare accfpere, et Caesar
multa praemia milftibus suis dare vult.

Plebs discessit Roma et in Montem Sacrum venit.
Sed postea (later), tribunis plebis acceptis, plebs Ro-
mam rediit. Etrusci Romam capere conati sunt, Tar-
qufnio expulso. Sed non potuerunt. Sed Galli non solum
conati sunt—re vera ceperunt Romam, id est, omnem
ceperunt urbem, Capitolio excepto (excepted). Conati
sunt etiam Capitolium capere, sed anseres magna ex-
clamaverunt voce. Estne porta urbis aperta? Non. Quia
Gallos timent.

Multa oppida portas Caesari aperuerunt—Caesarem
enim non timuerunt. Caesar erat amicus illorum oppi-
dorum. Sed fere omnes senatores fugerunt Roma. Hi qui
fugerunt Roma venerunt Capuam. Capua est oppidum
in parte meridionali Italiae. Nonne erat perfculum sena-
toribus in illo oppido? Non. Caesar enim non venerat
Capuam.

English to Latin

1. Caesar is coming to Rome. 2. He is sailing from
Brundisium. 3. Caesar came across the southern border
of his province. 4. He attempted to speak to Caesar.
5. Since the gates have been opened, Caesar can come
into the town. 6. He spoke to his soldiers who had fol¬
lowed him. 7. No ships remained for Caesar.

Scramble Exercise

Tribunis Roma expulsis, senatus ad bellum paravit.
Meridionali in parte provfnciae quam habuit Caesar,
flumen parvum fuit, quod Rubico vocatur. Trans hoc
flumen suo cum exercitu venit Caesar. Non sunt co-
nata eum tenere oppida multa sed parva quae in via
Caesaris erant. Portis apertis, virum quern magnum esse
dixerunt, acceperunt. Ex his oppidis quae portis apertis
Caesarem acceperunt, non pauci viri Caesarem sunt
secuti.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA SECUNDA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: Caesar defeated the Pompeian armies in Spain, under Petreius, Afranius,
and Varro. He then returned to Rome, was made Dictator, and then Consul. He next
sailed to Greece. At first things went rather badly, and he had to retreat into Thes¬
saly. But there he defeated Pompey. The latter fled to Egypt, but was murdered by
Egyptian soldiers. Caesar got into the war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, and
then marched through Syria and Asia Minor to Rome. On the way he defeated
Pharnaces, son of Mithradates. He then sent his famous telegram to the senate.

Quia non habuit naves in quibus posset (he could) sequi Pompeium,
Caesar discessit Brundisio, et iter fecit cum exercitu suo in Hispaniam.
Pompeius ipse cum exercitu navigavit in Graeciam. Sed in Hispania fuit
exercitus Pompei magnus. Tres legati Pompei duces erant exercitus in
Hispania: Afranius, Petreius, et Varro. Caesar mox vicit Petreium et
Afranium. Varro etiam se in deditionem dedit. His exercitibus victis,
Caesar discessit ex Hispania et rediit Romam. Ibi Lepidus, qui praetor
erat, creavit Caesarem Dictatorem. Sed post undecim (XI) dies, Caesar
deposuit dictaturam, et consul factus est. In Ianuario, in anno quadragesi-
mo octavo (48), Caesar navigavit in Graeciam. Ibi Pompeius magnum
collegerat exercitum. Caesar fere victus est a Pompeio, et coactus est
recipere se ad Thessaliam. Thessalia est pars septentrionalis Graeciae. Ibi
Caesar pugnavit pugnam magnam cum exercitu Pompei. Pompeius habuit
exercitum maiorem, sed mflites Caesaris fortiores (braver) erant. Pompe-
iani enim nimiarn confidentiam habuerunt. Pompeius ipse, cum multis ex
exercitu suo, fugit in montes. Caesar secutus est eos. Pompeius fugit in
Aegyptum; putavit enim quod habuit amicos in ilia terra. Sed mflites
Aegyptii interfecerunt eum. Hoc modo Pompeius, olim magnus imperator,
mortuus est.

Pompeio mortuo, Caesar pugnavit in Aegypto. Rex enim Aegypti,
Ptolomaeus, bellum movit cum sorore sua, Cleopatra.

Post finem belli in Aegypto, Caesar iter fecit per Syriam et Asiam Mino-
rem. In hoc itinere vicit Phamacem, fflium Mithradatis. Pharnaces enim
auxilium dederat Pompeio. Sed Caesar vicit eum celeriter. Ergo nuntium
misit ad senatum. Nuntius dixit, “Veni, Vidi, Vici.”

(All three words are first person singular perfect) (Continuabitur)

dux-leader
mox-soon
deditio -surrender
praetor -praetor
recipere s e-retreat
septentrionalis -northern
colliger e-gather
nimius -excessive
confidentia-confidence
putavit -thought
mortuus est -died
mors-death
soroT-sister
cclentcr-swiftly
nuntius -messenger

VOCABULARIUM

[moriuntur], mori, [recipiunt], recipere,

mortuus est -die (note cepit, ceptus -take
preliminary part like back
capiunt) recipere s e-retreat

putare, avit, atus-think celeriter -swiftly

magnus dux, due e-leader
bona mors, mort e-death
nimius, a, um -excessive
nuntius, o -messenger, message
septentrionalis, e, i -northern
bona soror, soror e-sister

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say: to a brave messenger, for a good
death, to the greater leader? 2. How do you say: it is
foreseen, he is expected, it is asked, he is being let go,
it is being done? Now make same expressions plural.
3. How do you say: they die, they follow, they attempt,
they speak (use: loqui).

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Caesar Pompeium celeriter secutus est. Pompeius enim
a Caesare victus erat in Thessalia (quae est in septentri-
onali parte Graeciae). His factis, Pompeius in Aegyp-

Circuluslatinus.org

turn fugit. Ibi Pompeius interf6ctus est. Quia interf6ctus
est, necesse erat ex hac vita disc6dere. Itaque mortuus
est.

Ph£rnaces erat rex in Asia Minore. Pater Ph4rnacis
fuerat Mithrad£tes. Mithradites fortiter contra multos
duces Romanos pugn&verat. Sulla cum Mithrad&te
pugndvit, et eum vicit, sed non omnem potest&tem
Mithrad&tis del6vit. Sulla enim cel6riter redire Romam
voluit, quia ibi multos h4buit inimicos.

Multos in urbe Sulla interfecit. Sulla Ca6sarem inter-
ficere voluerat, sed non poterat quia Caesar in montes
fugerat. Sulla non d6buit f&cere potestdtem sen£tus Ro¬
mani maiorem. Sen&tus enim nimiam h&buit potest&tem.
Sed Sulla caecus erat, id est, non poterat verititem vi-
dere. Sendtus diebus Sullae corruptus fuit. Sendtus non
semper corruptus fuit—di6bus antiquis sen&tus bonus
fuerat. F6cerat Cincinndtum Dictatorem, et multa Alia
bona consflia fecerat.

Caesar egit suam vitam in primo saeculo ante nativi-
t4tem Christi, sed mortuus est ante Christum. Caesar ab
inimicis suis interfectus est. Sulla autem non interf6ctus
est—ille mortuus est modo natur£li. Marius etiam
mortuus est modo naturdi. Portae mortis ap6rtae sunt
M6rio. Marius ergo disc6ssit ex hac vita per has portas.

Sed agnus non discessit ex hac vita—nemo interf6cit
agnum. Agnum enim nemo odit.

English to Latin

1. It is necessary either to come or to remain. 2. Caesar
retreated into Thessaly. 3. The men are returning from
Brundisium. 4. Many men die in battle. 5. They at¬
tempted to retreat into the town. 6. He thinks that
Caesar wants to talk to Marcus. 7. Caesar said that he
came, he saw, and he conquered.

Scramble Exercise

Qui ex hac vita per portas discount mortis moriuntur.
Ex omnibus bonis quae accipere vir potest, m&xime
( especially ) bonam pdere mortem a Deo debet. Ex vita
enim futura, nemo hanc in vitam se recfpere potest. Nec
con&ri potest. Omnia enim quae f&cere vult, Deus sine
difficuMte fecere potest. Ea enim quae Deus loquitur
semper 4ccidunt. Bonum est ergo saepe de hac vita
futura put4re quae finem non habet. Quid boni est
Pompdo quod imper&tor magnus fuit, si ( if) non bonam
mortem h&buit?

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA TERTIA

De tempore imperfecto in persona tertia singulari et plurali

Summary: After defeating Pharnaces, Caesar went back to Rome, but not for long.
For Scipio and Cato had collected an army in Africa. But he soon defeated them.
Cato committed suicide at Utica. Caesar then went back to Rome. He forgave his
enemies. He reformed the calendar. But Pompey’s sons raised an army in Spain.
He defeated them at Munda. He then entered Rome in triumph. He was offered a
royal crown by Anthony.

PMrnace victo, Caesar r6diit Romam. Sed non reiMnsit diu in urbe. Scivit
enim quod amici Pomp£i, Scipio et Cato, coll6gerant ex6rcitum magnum in
Africa. Caesar cel6riter vicit eos. Cato, quia non poterat defendere Oticam,
interfecit se. Caesar ergo rev6rsus est Romam, in fine mensis Iulii, anno
quadrag6simo sexto (46). Quamquam Caesar Mbuit potest&tem m&xi-
mam, clementiam ostendit inimicis suis. Non odit eos qui pugn&verant pro
Pomp6io, sed dixit quod non d6buit esse differentia inter Pompei£nos et
Caesari£nos. £tiam correxit calend&rium, nam diebus illis erat error
nonaginta (90) dierum in calend&rio. Fere habu6runt Iunium in Ianu&rio!

Sad quamquam ost6ndit magnam clementiam inimicis, et fecerat nullam
differ6ntiam inter Caesari£nos et Pompei£nos, necdsse erat pugMre in novo
bello. Pompeius enim Mbuit duos filios, Sextum et Gnaeum. Hi duo col-
16gerant exercitum novum in Hisplnia, contra Caesarem. Caesar ergo pro-
fectus est in Hisp&niam in fine anni quadragesimi sexti. Sed Caesar cel6riter
vicit eos. Victi sunt in pugna ad Mundam, in mense M&rtio, anno quad-
rag6simo quinto (45). Pompei&nis victis, Caesar revdrsus est Romam, et
venit in urbem mense Sept6mbri. Celebr^vit triumphum magnum. Re vera,
Caesar h^buit potest^tem regis, sed non Mbuit nomen regis, nec coronam
reg£lem. Voluitne Caesar accipere coronam regilem? Quidam amicus
Ca6saris, Marcus Antonius, nomine, voluit dare coronam Ca6sari in
quodam festo publico. Sed Caesar non accdpit coronam. Quare non ac-
cepit? Quia non voluit an quia timuit accipere earn? Difficile est dicere.
(Continu^bitur)

diu-a long time

collegit -collect

rev6rsus est -returned

mensis-month

clem6ntia-mercy

nam-for

ostendit -showed

con6xit-corrected

prof6ctus est-jef out

celebrdvit -celebrated

corona-crown

festum-feast

quare-w/iy

an-or

V OCABULARIUM

colligere, coll6git,

rev6rti, reversus est-

collectu s-collect

return

ostendere, ostendit,

an -or (in questions only)

ostensus-^/iow

diu-a long time

proficisci, prof6ctus est-

quare-w/iy

set out

unus mensis, i-month

Nunc Cogitemus

How to Form the Imperfect Tense: Suppose we
begin with the infinitive, the first part of the verb, as we
did with the present tense. We remove the last three

letters (-dre, -ire, -ere, -ire )—of course, in the case of
a deponent verb, we remove the passive ending, which is
shorter (-/) in the third conjugation (but we shall see
the deponents in Lesson 34).

To the remaining base, we add—

-dbat in first conjugation

-ibat or -iibat in the others (verbs that have third
plural in -iunt take the -iibat form).

For the third plural forms—merely insert -n before the
final letter -t. Samples:

1. par&bat; par£bant 2. hatebat; habdbant

3. pon6bat; pon6bant capiebat; capiebant

4. audiebat; audiebant

Circuluslatinus.org

Use of the Imperfect Tense: The imperfect and the
perfect are both past tenses. Therefore, in general, they
cover the following English translations:

1. he heard

2. he did hear

3. he was hearing

4. he has heard

Of the four translations, the fourth is especially typical
of the perfect, and the third is especially typical of the
imperfect. The others might serve rather well for either
of the Latin tenses. But what is the precise difference?
Merely this. Let us imagine a fight going on. Two men
both see it. Each has a camera. The one has a movie
camera. The other an ordinary snapshot camera. Now
if a man reports an event with a movie camera, he could
also report it similarly in words by the imperfect. While
the snapshot camera gives much the same impression as
the perfect tense. Therefore

imperfect —views the continuity or repeated char¬
acter of an action —movie; perfect —merely reports
that something happened—snapshot.

In case of doubt, when writing English to Latin,
use the perfect. Notice the way the two will be
used in the stories from now on (up to now, often the
perfect has been used where the imperfect would have
been more suitable).

Imperfect Active of Esse, Posse, Velle: erat,
erant, pdterat, pdterant, volibat, volibant.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
Look for imperfect patterns.

Milites ad pugnam parabant. Caesar cum Pompeio
pugnabat. Quare voluit Caesar cum Pompeio pugnare?
Caesar pugnare non volebat, sed (Caesar dixit hoc)
Pompeius et senatus legem Romanam non servaverant.
Senatus debuit revocare decretum suum post interces-
sionem tribunorum plebis. Hoc senatus non fecit. His
factis, tribuni ad Caesarem fugerunt. Lex non est ser-
vata: ergo Caesar dixit quod necesse erat defendere leges
Romanas. Sed quodam die Caesar in urbe erat. Iam
omnes inimicos suos vicerat. Iam re vera potestatem

regis habebat. Marcus Antonius volebat dare coronam
regis Caesari. Caesar non accepit. Marcus rogat Mariam
quare Caesar coronam non accepit. Sed Maria non
potest dicere.

Quodam die Marcus erat in schola. Agnus non venit
in scholam, sed quid accidit? Tres ex illis quinque porcis
venerunt. Marcus expectabat Mariam et agnum. Marcus
re vera volebat Mariam videre. Non volebat agnum
videre, sed necesse erat: agnus enim semper cum Maria
veniebat. Sed Marcus nec Mariam nec agnum vidit! Tres
vidit porcos. Quare alii duo porci non venerunt? Res-
ponsum non facile est, sed unus ex his porcis caput
calidum habuit: viderat enim Caesarem quando hie
(Caesar) in foro erat. Hie porcus Caesari oink dixerat,
sed Caesar nullum dederat responsum. Ergo hie porcus
caput calidum habuit. Sed quaestio est—quare alius
porcus (id est, porcus secundus) in scholam cum aliis
tribus porcis non venit? Causa erat haec: hie secundus
porcus Marcum Porcium Catonem in foro viderat. Hie
porcus Porcium amavit, ergo in agros Porci Catonis
venerat, et remansit ibi.

English to Latin

1. He said that Caesar was coming. 2. Cato was col¬
lecting an army. 3. The Roman army was retreating
into Thessaly. 4. Caesar, having returned to Rome,
soon set out for Africa. 5. Why was he preparing for
war? 6. Mark Anthony was showing the crown to
Caesar. 7. But he was not taking it.

Scramble Exercise

Multis exercitibus in Africa victis, Caesar in Italia re-
manere non poterat. Cato enim, qui illis diebus impera-
tor exercitus erat, Caesarem non amabat. Quamquam
non malus imperator Cato fuit, semper maior fuit Cae¬
sar. Hie ergo celeriter ilium vicit. Mox in Italiam profec-
tus est Caesar. Ibi conabatur Marcus Antonius regalem
dare Caesari coronam. Haec faciebat quodam die festo
quo multi viri in urbe erant. Sed nihil locutus est Caesar
de corona hac.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA QUARTA

De tempore imperjecto in voce passiva
De casu possessivo pronominum

Summary: Many senators began to hate Caesar, though they seemed to be his
friends. They conspired to kill him. He received many warnings, but ignored them.
Finally in the senate, on the Ides of March, they surrounded him, and murdered
him with daggers and swords. Caesar fell at the foot of the statue of Pompey.

Caesar non accepit coronam ex manibus Marci Antoni. Sed nihilominus
(nevertheless ) quidam senatores coeperunt odisse Caesarem. Itaque hi
senatores coniurationem fecerunt contra Caesarem. Volebant enim inter-
ficere eum. In hac coniuratione erant multi qui videbantur ( seemed) esse
amici Caesaris. Praesertim Marcus Brutus erat amicus Caesaris. Sed
oderunt eum, quia putabant quod volebat facere se regem. Hi coniuratores
paraverunt multas sicas. Quidam scriptores dixerunt quod hi coniuratores
interfecerunt Caesarem quia amabant Romam. Probabiliter verum est
quod amabant Romam; sed etiam sperabant accipere potestatem magnam.
Ergo parabant mortem Caesari.

Ante diem mortis, multi monuerunt Caesarem de morte. Sed Caesar
nihil fecit de his monitionibus. Coniuratores voluerunt interficere eum in
senatu, Idibus Martiis (id est, die decimo quinto mensis Martii). Quidam
poeta Britannicus, qui vocatur Shakespeare, scripsit de morte Caesaris.
Ille poeta dixit quod in ipso die mortis, quidam vates vidit Caesarem.
Vates monuit Caesarem quod debuit cavere Idus Martias. Caesar res-
ponsum dedit: “Idus Martiae iam venerunt”—et vates respondit: “Idus
Martiae venerunt—sed non discesserunt, Caesar!” Caesar ergo venit in
senatum. Coniuratores circumsteterunt eum. Interfecerunt eum sicis. Hoc
modo Caesar mortuus est. Mortuus Caesar cecidit ad pedes statuae Pom-
pei. Pompeius ceciderat in bello cum Caesare. Caesar cecidit ad pedes
Pompei!

coepit -began
odisse-fo hate
coniuratio -conspiracy
sica -dagger
scriptor -writer
monuit -warned
monitio -warning
Idus -Ides (15th)
\ates-soothsayer
caver e-beware
respondit -answered
pes -foot
statua-statue

V OCABULARIUM

cavere, cavit, cautus-

respondere, respondit,

beware

responsus-answer

-, coepit, coeptus

mala coniuratio, ione-

(the last part has

conspiracy

active meaning)-

gladius, o -sword

begin

magnus pes, ped e-foot

monere, monuit,

monitus- warn, advise

bonus scriptor, ore-writer

Nunc Cogitemus

Imperfect Passive: This is really too easy! We know
how to make the imperfect active—just add the letters
-Mr to the active endings, singular and plural. Of

course, deponent verbs use these passive endings, with
active meaning.

Possessive Case of Pronouns: This is also too easy.
We are thinking of the pronouns (which are also used
as adjectives, as we know): hie, ille, ipse, is, idem, and
qui.

The possessive plural pronouns have the same end¬
ings as bonus (- orum, -arum, - orum ).

The singular is still easier—they all have just one
ending for all three genders—it is -ius. Thus: huius, il-
lius, ipsius, eius, eiusdem, and cuius (cuius is from qui).

Notice especially the one little word eius. It (and the
plurals edrum, edrum, edrum) serve in place of posses¬
sive adjectives when we do not want a reflexive. Of
course, they are not adjectives—they are possessive case

Circuluslatinus.org

of a pronoun, so they cannot be made to agree in gender,
number, and case like adjectives. But they are very com¬
mon.

The reflexive adjective is suus —we saw it in Lesson
21 (compare also the reflexive pronoun in Lesson 27).
For example, take this English sentence:

Marcus killed his father.

Whose father? The English is vague—might be Marcus’
father—might be someone else’s father. Now if it is
Marcus’ father, the Latin will have suus:

Marcus interficit patrem suum (reflexive)—his own
father. But if it is someone else’s father the Latin will
have Marcus interficit patrem eius (not reflexive).

When do we use edrum.7 When we mean their, in a
non-reflexive way (not their own ).

Milites interfecirunt patrem edrum (their father—
non-reflexive)—but— Milites interfecirunt patrem
suum (their own father—reflexive).

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Caesar, cuius amici coniurationem fecerunt, interfectus
est. Interfecerunt eum multis sicis. Ad statuam eiusdem
Pompei quern vicerat in bello civili cecidit. Quare inter¬
fecerunt Caesarem? Quia oderunt eum. Potestatem eius
oderunt. Putaverunt quod Caesar esse rex volebat.
Eratne hoc verum? Re vera voluit Caesar rex esse?
Probabile est, quamquam coronam e manibus Marci
Antoni non accepit. Sed quaestio est haec: quare non
accepit? Probabiliter quia iram plebis et senatorum
timebat. Viri enim Romani nomen regis oderunt. Olim
Romani reges habuerant, sed reges facti sunt mali et
audaces. Romani itaque eos expulerant. Ex illis tempori-
bus nomen regium oderunt. Semper cavebant virum qui
volebat esse rex.

Quare ergo amici Caesaris eum non monuerunt? Re
vera, Caesar multas accepit monitiones—brevi (short)

tempore ante mortem, vates eum vidit. Vates eum
monuit quod debebat Idus Martias cavere. Sed Caesar
cavere non volebat. Caesar in senatum venit—et ibi
interfectus est.

Senatores laeti facti sunt morte eius. Sed malum pro
Roma erat—quia bellum civile venit. In hoc bello multi
cives Romani, multi senatores, interfecti sunt. Et post
bellum civile quid acceperunt? Augustus, qui filius
adoptivus Caesaris erat, factus est imperator.

Diebus antiquis Romae, vir qui vocabatur imperator
erat solum dux exercitus, sed Augustus non solum
exercitum Romanum ducebat; erat rex sine nomine
regis. Gaius Caesar clementiam inimicis suis ostenderat.
Augustus Caesar etiam hoc fecit.

English to Latin

1. He was setting out into Gaul. 2. He fell at the feet
of the same statue. 3. He was killed with swords and
daggers. 4. Many men were being killed by the sword.
5. Others were fleeing on foot. 6. Caesar was being
warned by the soothsayer. 7. But he fell at the feet of
Pompey, whose enemy he had been.

Scramble Exercise

Caesarem, quamquam ex manibus Marci Antoni coro¬
nam non acceperat, senatores non pauci odisse coe-
perunt. Virum hunc magnum, qui multa et magna in
Gallia pro Roma fecerat, nonne am are et non odisse
debuerunt? Eum amare debuerunt. Nihilominus, co-
niuratione non parva facta, mortem Caesari parare
sunt conati. Idibus itaque Martiis, quo die in America
olim tributa colligebantur, interfectus est Caesar sicis
coniuratorum ad pedes statuae Pompei. Iam erat ad
pedes Pompei ille ad cuius pedes Pompeius mortuus
fuerat!

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA QUINTA

De participiis praesentibus

Summary: Cicero was born of an equestrian family. Since he and his brother
Quintus showed ability, their father sent them to Rome—they studied under Scaevola
and Archias. Cicero also went to Rhodes to study under Molo, as Caesar did. He
then returned to Rome, and began to give speeches. He defended Roscius. But he
offended Sulla, and, for reasons of health, went to Greece. There he met Atticus.

In diebus in quibus vivebant Caesar et Pompeius, vivebat etiam £lius vir
Romdnus cuius nomen notum est omnibus. Ille vir erat Mcircus Tullius
Cicero. Cicero natus est in quodam oppido quod vocab&tur Arpinum.
Natus est anno centesimo sexto (106) ante Christum.

Pater eius non erat ex sen£tu. Cicero ergo erat vir equestris. Viri eques-
tres (id est, equites) non erant ex senatoria nobilitate, sed nec erant ex
plebe. Erant ex ordine inter senatores et plebem. Primis diebus Romae,
equites re vera habebant equos, et pugn&bant ex equis in exercitibus.
Sed diebus Ciceronis, equites non debebant habere equos. Equites habe¬
bant pecuniam multam. Cicero ergo erat ex ordine equestri.

Cicero h£buit fratrem qui vocabdtur Quintus. Pater eorum vidit quod
volebant discere. Itaque misit eos Romam in scholas bonas. Cicero et
frater eius didicerunt multa in scholis. Habuerunt multos magistros claros.
Inter hos erant Mucius Scaevola et Archias. Legerunt multos libros bonos.
Cicero etiam navig&vit in insulam Rhodum. Didicit multa de arte rhetorica
a Molone (Caesar etiam didicit artem rhetoricam in schola Molonis).

Post haec Cicero reversus est Romam, et coepit habere orationes claras.
Defendit Sextum Roscium. Sed etiam offendit Sullam (ille clarus Dictator
erat in hac vita illis diebus); ergo melius erat Ciceroni disc^dere Roma.
Navigdvit in Graeciam. Ibi invenit quendam Romanum qui vocabdtur
Atticus. Cicero factus est amicus eius. (Continuabitur)

vivere-/ive
notus-^nown
natus -born
equtslris-equestrian
6quites -knights
ordo -class, order
equus-fcorje
frater -brother
cXams-famous
legit -read
liber -book
offendit -offended
m61ius -better

V OCABUL ARIUM

legere, legit, lectus -read

vivere, vixit, *victurus-

nasci, natus est -be born

live

noscere, novit, notus-

clarus, a, um -famous

learn (But the perfect

brilliant

means has learned,

equus, cquo-horse

and therefore knows.

liber, libro -book

So notus means

bonus ordo, ordin e-row,

known.)

order, rank

Nunc Cogitemus

Present Active Participles: We have already seen
perfect passive participles. We found that they are half
verb, and half adjective. Now present participles are

also half verb and half adjective—but they are present
and active, instead of perfect and passive.

The most basic meaning of present participles is:

Milites pugn£ntes—fighting soldiers
Note the ending in -ing.

But first, let us see the endings of the present parti¬
ciple, and then consider the details of its use. As to the
endings, it is too easy again.

To form a present participle, take the imperfect tense
of that verb, remove the -bat, and add: -ns. For example:

par&bat— parans, habebat— habens, ponebat— ponens,
capiebat— capiens, audiebat— audiens.

How to decline the participle?—It is merely (as far
as declension goes) a third declension adjective. Its
ablative singular may be either e or i (a bit more broad¬
minded than other adjectives)—other forms are just

Circuluslatinus.org

like third declension adjectives (possessive plural will
be -ium and neuter plural will be -ia both to match the
-i ablative, not the -e).

For example:

M F N M F N

parans

parantis

paranti

parantem parans
paranti (e)

parantes parantia
parantium
parantibus
parantes parantia
parantibus

Really nothing new—except that the ablative can have
e as well as i.

Use of the Participle : Use it just like the perfect pas¬
sive, except that this is present active. Therefore, we
may use it like an adjective —

milites pugnantes —the fighting soldiers
Or we may use it in an ablative absolute (basic meaning
now, instead of having been -, is merely the Eng¬

lish form ending in -ing). For example

Caesare exclamante, milites vicerunt.
basic —(With) Caesar shouting, the soldiers con¬
quered.

Expanded Forms:

1. When (while) Caesar was shouting, the soldiers
conquered.

2. Because Caesar was shouting, the soldiers con¬
quered.

3. Although Caesar was shouting, the soldiers con¬
quered.

4. If Caesar was shouting, the soldiers conquered.

5. Caesar was shouting and the soldiers conquered.
Compare these to the example given in Lesson 17—they
are perfectly parallel. Again, it would pay well to mem¬
orize one Latin example with a full set of translations.
Take the one above, or make your own.

Ablative Absolutes without Participles: The
Latin verb to be (est ) has no present participle (nor
perfect passive). So, when we want to use the verb to be
in an ablative absolute, we just leave the participle out.
For example:

Caesare duce, milites pugnaverunt fortiter.
(With) Caesar (being) leader, the soldiers fought
bravely.

Or, more freely—use any of the five expansions given
above.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos
Now look for these ablative absolute patterns; then
watch for other active participle patterns.

Caesare imperatore, milites laeti erant. Coniuratori-
bus venientibus, Caesar non timebat. Audivit vatem
monentem se, sed in senatum venit. Ibi senatores ex-
clamantes audivit. Exclamantes interfecerunt eum.

Cicero et Quintus fratres (brothers) erant. Audive-
runt oratores magnos habentes orationes magnas in
foro. Volebant esse oratores. Cicero re vera orator mag-
nus factus est. Cicero etiam erat vir equestris. Sed
equum non habuit. Non erat necesse habere equum.
Nunc autem, pueri et puellae Americani orationes Ci¬
ceronis in scholis legunt. Et quamquam Cicero equum
non habuit, pueri et puellae, legentes orationes eius,
equos habent. Sed Cicero ipse non habuit equum—ipse
enim has orationes scripserat. Senatores, audientes has
orationes, non fecerunt coniurationem contra Cicero-
nem. Cicero enim non voluit esse rex. Senatoribus
facientibus coniurationem contra Caesarem, Cicero
nihil fecit. Non amavit Caesarem, sed interficere eum
non voluit.

Sed porcis exclamantibus oink, Marcus non fecit
nihil. Marcus etiam exclamavit. Marco exclamante,
quid fecit Maria? Maria magna voce agnum vocavit.
Agno veniente, Maria laeta erat, Maria in schola non
remansit. Maria duce, agnus laetus erat.

Sempronius erat impatiens. Sempronio consule, Han¬
nibal Romanos vicit. Carthaginiensibus pugnantibus,
Romani victi sunt. Sed Scipione consule, Hannibal ipse
victus est. Hannibal vidit exercitum Romanum venien-
tem. Venientes Romani viderunt exercitum Punicum.
Romanis vincentibus, Hannibal non laetus erat.

English to Latin

1. Marcus saw the lamb coming. 2. Did he hear the
lamb saying baal 3. Marcus being the teacher, Mary
is glad. 4. While Caesar was alive, Brutus was not
happy. 5. They saw him coming into the senate. 6. He
heard the commander reading the commands. 7. It was
better for Caesar to depart from Rome.

Scramble Exercise

Quia multam pecuniam habuerunt, diebus Ciceronis
equites non debuerunt habere equos. Romani audientes
orationes huius Ciceronis non habuerunt equos. Potu-
erunt intelligere (understand) has etiam sine equis.
Itaque Romanis exclamantibus Cicero habebat orati¬
ones multas et vehementes. Ciceronem, quamquam
multi ex his qui audiverunt orationes eius amaverunt
eum, Sulla amavit nec ipsum nec orationes eius. Cice¬
roni ergo melius erat Roma proficisci in Graeciam.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA SEXTA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: Cicero returned to Rome in two years. He wanted to become consul, a
difficult thing for a novus homo (one not born in the senatorial class). He was
filled with great pride, disgusting even to the Romans, who were no lovers of
humility. He was elected consul for 63 B.C. with Antonius. In that year came the
conspiracy of Catiline, an evil character, sunk in debt, and greedy for power.

Post annos duos, Cicero reversus est Romam, anno septuagesimo septimo
(77). Sulla enim mortuus erat anno septuagesimo octavo. Multas orationes
claras habuit. Sed voluit esse consul Romanus. Via ad consulatum erat dif-
ficilis homini qui non erat natus in ordine senatorio. Tales homines, qui
facti sunt consules, sed non nati sunt in ordine senatorio, vocantur “homi¬
nes novi.” Id est, novi sunt in consulatu et in ordine senatorio. Cicero erat
vir equestris. Propter hoc, difficile erat Ciceroni consul fieri.

Christiani habent magnum amorem virtutis humilitatis. Sed Romani
non habuerunt magnum amorem huius virtutis. Romani erant superbi.
Romani fere amaverunt superbiam. Sed, quamquam Romani erant su¬
perbi, videntur esse humiles, si comparantur cum Cicerone. Quamquam
Romani non amaverunt humilitatem, tamen non amaverunt superbiam
Ciceronis. Et re vera, Sacra Scriptura dicit quod superbia est initium
omnis peccati.

Cicero electus est consul anni sexagesimi tertii (63). Erat coniuratio in
hoc anno. Catilina erat princeps coniurationis huius. Catilina erat vir
malus. Catilina debebat multam pecuniam multis hominibus. Voluit
habere maximam potestatem. Catilina conatus erat consul fieri, sed non
potuit. Cicero et Antonius facti sunt consules. Catilina ergo voluit inter-
ficere Ciceronem et rapere omnem potestatem. Quid accidit? (Continu-
abitur eras)

via -way, road
homo -man
talis-such

propter -on account of
virtus -virtue
superbus-prowrf
superbia -pride
comparar e-compare
tamen -nevertheless
initium -beginning
peccatum -sin
princeps -chief
fieri -to become

V OCABULARIUM

[hunt], fieri, factus est- be made” means the
become, happen (the same as “to become”)

infinitive is irregular — nescire, ivit, itus-no/
factus est is really the know
last part of facere—“ to propter ( with obj.)-

on account of

bonus homo, homin e-man (vir is “man” in
the strictly masculine sense, almost
meaning hero; homo is more general,
and means merely “human being ”—
may include women and children
initium, o -beginning
peccatum, o-sin

magnus princeps, princip e-chief
superbus, a, um -proud
via, a -way, road, means
magna virtus, virtute-v/rtae, courage,
manliness (of vir)

VlDEAMUS FORMAS VETERES

1. Decline together: vir pugnans, peccdtum maius,
fort is equus. 2. Give possessive singular and plural of:
hie liber, eadem via, ilia virtus, magnus pes. 3. Give five
translations of: Caesare legente librum, milites non
pugnaverunt. 4. How do you say: he was warning, she
was attempting, he was setting out, they were warning,
they were attempting, they were setting out.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Humilitas est virtus magna. Estne humilitas virtus
maxima? Non. Amor Dei est virtus maxima. Quare
Romani humilitatem non amaverunt? Quia nesciebant
quod humilitas erat bona. Nesciebant quod virtus erat.
Ergo multi Romani superbi erant magna superbia (abla¬
tive) . Quare erat Cicero superbus? Quia coniurationem
Catilinae fregit. Eratne hoc magnum? Magnum erat,
sed non maximum. Multi alii Romani res magnas f6ce-
rant, etiam res maiores fecerant.

Circuluslatinus.org

Multi RomAni (quamquam humilitAtem non amavA-
runt) non amavArunt supArbiam Cicer6nis.

Cicero Atiam in exilium (exile) missus est, sed non
propter supArbiam. Cicero enim multos hAbuit inimicos.
Sed inimici Ciceronis eum non interfecArunt. Catilina
interficere Ciceronem conAtus est—sed non potuit.
Cicero enim scire omnia quae Catilina fecit pdtuit. Ini¬
mici CaAsaris eum sicis in senAtu interfecArunt. Catilina
Atiam sicam hAbuit. Sed Catilina ipse ad Ciceronem cum
ilia sica non venit: Catilina duos Aquites RomAnos ad
Ciceronem misit. Hi Aquites cum Cicerone loquebAntur,
sed eum interficere non poterant. Cicero enim consilia
eorum sciebat. Catilina ergo ira motus est.

Catilina Atiam hAbuit exercitum in montibus. PutA-
bat quod hoc modo Romam cApere poterat, sed Roma
servAta est. Cicero enim multas orationes claras contra
Catilinam in senAtu hAbuit. Postquam Catilina primam
harum orationum audivit, ex urbe discessit. Sed Cicero
multos viros qui erant in coniuratione cum Catilina
cepit. Cicero sen^tum rogdvit quid d6buit f^cere his
viris captis. Senatus dixit quod eos interficere d6buit.
Cicero ergo hos viros captos intertecit. (Re vera, Cicero
ipse eos non interfecit, sed Alios viros interficere eos
iussit).

English to Latin

1. Catiline attempted to kill Cicero with a dagger.

2. He said that he hated Cicero. 3. He wanted war be¬
cause he owed money to many men. 4. Why did not
Caesar become king? 5. He is a man whose courage is
great. 6. On account of his sins he was being punished.
7. He saw Isabella giving money to Columbus.

Scramble Exercise

Hominibus qui non in ordine senatorio nati erant, ad
consulAtum via difficilis erat. Quidam nihilominus re
vera, inter quos erat ipse Cicero, ad hanc venArunt
dignitatem. Qui hoc fecArunt novi homines vocab&ntur.
Anno quo Cicero consul erat, Accidit etiam clara ilia
Catilinae coniurAtio, quam vicit Cicero. Quam propter
causam, quamquam ante hoc tempus non humilis
fuerat, iam in supArbiam nimiam venit Cicero. Quod
initium omnis peccAti supArbia est, dicitur in Sacra
Scriptura. Chris tiAnis am Antibus hanc virtutem, earn
non amAvit Cicero, qui non ChristiAnus erat.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA SEPTIMA

De tempore juturo in tertia persona

Summary: One of Catiline’s fellow conspirators, Curius, had a lady friend, Fulvia.
Fulvia reported what she heard to Cicero. But Cicero did not want to arrest Catiline
for want of legal evidence. However, by a forceful speech, he scared Catiline into
leaving the city. He then, on evidence of Gallic spies, arrested other conspirators.

Vir quidam bonus ex Gallia dixit: Cherchez la femme —id est, necesse est
cavere feminas. Et dixit verit&tem. Catilina ipse potest dicere Ciceroni:
necesse est cavere feminas. Unus enim ex viris qui fuerunt in coniuratione
Catilinae h&buit arnicam. Nomen huius feminae fuit Fulvia. Q. Curius, vir
in coniuratione Catilinae, am£bat Fulviam. Curius scivit omnia consilia
Catilinae. Sed Fulvia semper rogibat eum: “Quid facit meus vir magnus
nunc?” Et Curius narribat omnia Fulviae. Fulvia celeriter narribat omnia
quae audiverat Ciceroni. Hoc modo Cicero sciebat omnia consilia Catili¬
nae. Sed Cicero non poterat prob&re haec in foro. Itaque Cicero non voluit
comprehendere Catilinam. Cicero ipse in magno periculo erat. Catilina
enim con&tus est interficere Ciceronem. Sed Cicero, monitus a Fulvia,
semper poterat serv£re seipsum.

Quodam die Catilina venit in sen&tum. Cicero h£buit magnam et vehe-
mentem orationem contra Catilinam. Cicero ostendit Catilinae quod ipse
semper poterat scire, sine ulla difficult&te, consilia quae Catilina faciebat.
Cicero dixit quod Catilina debuit discedere Roma, cum omnibus sociis
suis. Catilina, putans quod erat in magno periculo, discessit ex urbe. Sed
non solum Fulvia narribat consilia Catilinae Ciceroni. Etiam quidam viri
ex Gallia (non dixerunt cherchez la femme ) nairaverunt multa de coniura¬
tione. Hoc modo Cicero sciebat viros qui erant in coniuratione. Cicero ergo
comprehendit multos ex eis. (Continu&bitur)

Gallia -Gaul, France
arnica-friend (fern.)
meus -my
narT&re-tell
prober e-prove
comprehender e-arrest
monitus -warned
vehemens-/orce/n/
ullus-a/iy

difficultas-di/jicw/fy
socius -ally

V OCABUL ARIUM

comprehendere,

meus, a, um-my, mine

prehendit, prehensus-

socius, o -ally, companion

grasp, arrest

ullus, a, um-any

narrire, £vit, atus-tell

vehemens, vehementi-

probire, 6vit, &tus -prove,

forceful

test

Nunc Cogitemus

Future Active and Passive : We have learned how to
form the imperfect tense from the infinitive, by dropping
the -are, etc., and adding -abat (first conjugation) or
-ebat (all others, except that -iunt verbs have - iebat).
Now, using the same vowels as we use ahead of the -bat,
we can form the future tense, with the future endings:

-bit, -bunt (first and second conjugations) and -/, -nt
(third and fourth conjugations).

1 2 3 3 (-iunt) 4

Thus: paribit hab6bit ponet c&piet audiet

paribunt habebunt ponent c&pient audient

These endings are, of course, active—they mean e.g.,

he will prepare
or: he will be preparing.

But it is just as easy to make the forms passive—just add
-ur to any of the above!

e.g., habebitur, habebuntur or capietur, capientur

The meanings of the passive are easy too:

he will be captured
they will be captured

Circuluslatinus.org

Future Active of Esse, Posse, Velle: erit, erunt,
poterit, poterunt, volet, volent

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Look for future tense patterns.

Catilina Ciceronem capere vult, sed Catilina ipse
capietur. Etiam omnes alii qui in coniuratione sunt
capientur. In carcerem (jail) mittentur. Erunt in car-
cere sine ulla spe (hope). Sed in magno erunt periculo.
Cicero enim alios viros ad eos mittet in carcerem. Hi
alii viri illos coniuratores interficient. Hi coniuratores
enim magnum fecerunt peccatum: Romam delere vol-
uerunt. Catilina est princeps huius coniurationis. Sed
Cicero non comprehendit eum. Quare? Quia voluit eum
discedere ex urbe cum omnibus sociis. Catilina re vera
discedet, sed non omnes socii eius evident quia com-
prehendentur a Cicerone. Hi socii Catilinae in carcere
interficientur. Et Cicero ipse fiet (from fiunt) superbus.
Cicero ipse non amat humilitatem. Cicero non poterat
scire quod humilitas virtus magna est. Cicero superbiam
maximam habuit. Romani alii humilitatem non ama-
verunt, sed superbiam maximam Ciceronis non ama-
verunt. Cicero enim saepe de sese loquebatur.

Sacra Scriptura dixit quod superbia est initium omnis
peccati. Cicero etiam multa poemata (poems) de se
ipse scripsit. Romani haec poemata non amaverunt.
Cicero non erat poeta bonus. Et poemata eius non erant
bona. Insuper, Cicero semper de se in his poematibus
loquebatur. Haec poemata non habentur nunc. Bonum

est quod non habentur nunc: non est necesse legere ea.
Agnus albus, qui erat in schola, Ciceronis poemata non
legit. Agnus ea non amavit. Quid dixit agnus de his
poematibus? Dixit baa. Sunt enim baad. Agnus autem
de Marco Porcio Catone legere voluit. Quinque porci
etiam voluerunt de Porcio audire. Unus ex his quinque
porcis in agris Porci fuit.

English to Latin

1. These men will be found. 2. Cicero will send them
to prison. 3. Many of those who are in the conspiracy
will be arrested. 4. He will talk about himself. 5. They
will not be seen in the city after this day. 6. They will be
killed by servants of Cicero. 7. How will Cicero prove
that they are in the conspiracy?

Scramble Exercise

Narrante Fulvia omnia quae a Curio de coniuratione
audiverat, Cicero coniuratores comprehendere et in
carcerem (jail) mittere non voluit. Cicerone sciente
haec omnia, necesse erat posse probare haec in foro: id
quod Cicero voluit sed non potuit facere. Aliis ergo
modis agere necesse erat Ciceroni. Conlra Catilinam
ergo in senatu, multis senatoribus exclamantibus,
habuit Cicero orationem vehementem. Hac oratione
habita, timere coepit ille Catilina, et Roma non sine
multis sociis discessit.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA OCTAVA

De pronomine: quis
De tempore perfecto infinitivi

Summary: Cicero now has written proof of the conspiracy. He consulted the senate
about the case. Caesar favored life imprisonment. Cato called for death—and won.
But Catiline himself was free with an army. He met the army led by Petreius, legate
of the consul Antonius. He died fighting.

Cicero nunc, quia Galli dederunt epistolas quas acceperunt a coniuratori-
bus, potest probare ea quae sciverat de coniuratione. Itaque mittit multos
coniuratores in carcerem; non omnes mittit in carcerem, quia multi erant
cum exercitu Catilinae. Cicero nunc consulit senatum. Multi senatores
habuerunt orationes in senatu de hac re. Caesar voluit tenere coniuratores
in carcere per reliquam vitam. Sed multi timuerunt facere hoc. Dixerunt:
“Forsan evadent ex carcere. Amici enim eorum venient et liberabunt eos.”
Oratione Caesaris habita, Cato habuit orationem suam. Cato voluit inter-
ficere coniuratores in carcere. Senatus ergo consilium dedit Ciceroni.
Consilium enim Catonis placuit senatui. Cicero ergo iussit hos coniura¬
tores interfici in carcere. Et factum est.

Sed Catilina ipse non erat in carcere. Erat cum exercitu suo. Catilina
sperabat capere Romam. Sed Cicero et senatus etiam habuerunt exercitum
magnum. Consul Gaius Antonius erat dux huius exercitus. Sed Antonius
aegerpedibus erat. Ergo Marcus Petreius (qui erat legatus Antoni) duce-
bat exercitum. Catilina habuit orationem magnam. Dixit militibus suis
quod necesse erat pugnare fortiter, “Mors enim exspectabit eos qui capi-
entur.” Exercitus ergo Catilinae et Catilina ipse fortiter pugnaverunt in
magno proelio, sed non poterant vincere. Multi interfecti sunt in proelio,
inter quos erat Catilina ipse.

epistola-letter
carcer-pmon
reliquus-res/ of
forsan-perhaps
liberare-/ree
placuit-wai pleasing

VOCABULARIUM

consulere, consuluit, placere, placuit,

consultus -consult *placiturus-6e pleas-

liberare, avit, atus -free ing to ( dative)

fOTsam-perhaps
aeger, aegra, aegrum-^/cfc
magnus career, career e-prison
epistola, di-letter

reliquus, a, um -rest of (used like
medius: middle of—see Lesson 2)

Nunc Cogitemus

The Interrogative Quis, Quid: The words mean:
Who? What? They are pronouns, that is, they stand
alone, and do not modify anything. (If we want an inter¬
rogative adjective, e.g., “which thing?”—we merely use

the same forms as the relative pronoun, qui, quae,
quod). But how do we decline quis, quid'! Again, Latin
is easy. All forms are the same as the relative, except
these:

quis instead of qui
quid instead of quod

And, in addition, the masculine and feminine are the
same in the singular (as in omnis). Therefore we use
quern and quo for both masculine and feminine (not
quam and qua). In the plural, everything is exactly the
same as qui, quae, quod.

Therefore the singular is:

Nom.

quis

quid

Poss.

cuius

Obj.

quern

quid

Abl.

quo

Plural same as qui, quae, quod

Circuluslatinus.org

Perfect Infinitives: The perfect active infinitive is
made by substituting -isse for the third singular ending
-it. Thus:

paravisse —to have prepared
habuisse —to have had
cepisse —to have taken

The perfect infinitive passive is made by using the
infinitive “to be”— esse —with the proper form of the
perfect passive participle, e.g.:

interfictus esse —to have been killed.

Catilina dicitur interfictus esse —Catiline is said to
have been killed.

Multi dicuntur interficti esse —Many are said to
have been killed.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Quis est ille vir? Ille est Cicero, quern Catilina interfi-
cere voluit. Sed Cicero dicitur interfecisse multos socios
Catilinae in carcere. Et re vera interfici debuerunt. Viri
enim mali erant: Romam delere voluerunt. Quid fece-
runt? Coniurationem fecerunt. Quo tempore coniurati-
onem fecerunt? Diebus Ciceronis, id est, in anno sexa-
gesimo tertio (65) ante Christi nativitatem. Cicero ergo
senatum consuluit. Quid dixit senatus? Senatus dixit
quod coniuratores interficere debuit. Qui erant hi
coniuratores? Erant viri mali qui Romam delere volu¬
erunt. Multam pecuniam debebant multis. Bellum civile
voluerunt.

Cuius porci sunt in foro? Suntne porci Mariae? Non.
Maria agnum, non porcos habet. Sunt Marci Porci
porci. A quo accipiunt cibum? A Marco Porcio cibum
accipiunt. Ille enim amat eos.

Quern vidit Cicero in foro? Catilinam vidit. Catilina
sicam parvam habuit. Catilina Ciceronem interficere
volebat. Sed hoc non placuit Ciceroni. Cicero enim in¬
terfici non volebat. Et reliqui viri, qui cum Cicerone
erant, eum interficere non voluerunt. Cicero in medio
foro erat. Fulvia Ciceronem monuit quod Catilina coni¬
urationem faciebat. Sed Cicero non poterat probare
haec in foro. Epistolas habere erat necesse. A quibus
accepit Cicero epistolas? A Gallis. Hi Romam amave-
runt. Insuper, sperabant accipere praemium maius a Ro¬
manis quam ( than ) a coniuratoribus. Et verum erat; re
vera, praemia maiora a Cicerone accipient.

English to Latin

1. From whom will the soldiers receive money? From
Marius, not from Rome. 2. Who warned Cicero about
what? 3. Catiline is said to have killed many men. 4. He
seems to have consulted many men. 5. Who has done
what? 6. Does he know what they have done?

Scramble Exercise

Verbis motus Fulviae, Cicero contra Catilinam oratio-
nem habuerat vehementem qua ilium ex urbe discedere
coegit. Nunc autem, quibusdam Gallis etiam scripta de
coniuratione dantibus, in senatum venit Cicero et sena-
tores rogavit quid facere de coniuratoribus captis debe-
bat. Illos coniuratores in carcere interfici placuit senatui.
Nec Catilina ipse nec alii forsan coniuratores pauci qui
in urbe erant, illis qui in carcere damnati erant auxilium
dare potuerunt. Magno proelio contra Marcum Petrei-
um, ipse Catilina fortiter pugnans interfectus est.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO TRIGESIMA NONA

De oratione obliqua in modo infinitivo

Summary: Cicero was praised for his work, but had many enemies. He had offended
Clodius, a patrician by birth, who was adopted by plebians, so that he could become
tribune. He charged Cicero with illegal action for not allowing the conspirators a
trial before the people. Cicero defended himself by saying the conspirators were
public enemies.

Catillna interfecto, Cicero multos honores accepit. Sed non omnes Ro¬
mani amaverunt Ciceronem. Multi enim, quamquam in coniuratione ipsa
non fuerant, non oderunt consilia Catilinae. Praesertim quidam tribunus
plebis, Clodius Pulcher nomine, odit Ciceronem.

Clodius fuit patricius nativit&te. Sed Clodius vir malus erat—anno sex-
agesimo secundo (62) profan£verat mysteria cuiusdam deae quae voca-
b£tur “Bona Dea.” Quia Clodius hoc fecerat, Cicero accusdvit eum. Sed
Clodius dixit quod non fuerat in urbe illo tempore—dixit quod 61ibi fuerat,
in 61ia urbe. Cicero autem poterat probdre quod Clodius re vera fuerat in
urbe illo tempore. Propter hanc causam Clodius odit Ciceronem, et voluit
habere vindictam.

Itaque, quamquam iam vir adultus erat, Clodius rog&vit familiam ple-
beiam adoptdre se, quia voluit esse tribunus plebis. Sed patricii (et Clodius
erat patricius nativit&te) non poterant fieri tribuni plebis. Propter hanc
causam Clodius adoptiri voluit. Hoc modo Clodius factus est plebeius.
(Nomen Clodi fuerat Claudius—sed plebeii semper dicebant litteram o,
pro au. Ergo se vocdvit Clodium, non Claudium. Itaque Clodius, iam
plebeius factus, non iam patricius, poterat esse tribunus plebis—et re vera
factus est tribunus in anno quinquagesimo oct&vo (58).

honor-honor
profan&vit-defiled
myster \a-mysteries
dea -goddess
ahh'i-elsewhere
causa -cause
vindicta -revenge
adultus -adult
familia-/aw«7y
adopter e-adopt
plebeius -plebeian
pro -in place of
iudicium -trial
coram -before
hostis-ene/ny (national)

VOCABULARIUM

profan£re, ivit, 4tus- coram (with abl.)-in the
defile presence of, before

a\ih\-elsewhere

causa, a -cause, case, reason
Deus, o -God (dea, a -goddess)
magnus hostis, hosti -enemy
mysterium, o -mystery, rite

Nunc Cogitemus

Indirect Statements: Take the sentence: He says
that Caesar is coming.

Dicit quod Caesar venit.

There is another way to say the same thing: Dicit
Caesarem venire. Notice what we have done, we have
made Caesar, the subject, to be in the objective case.

We have made the verb venit (is coming) into an in¬
finitive: venire. What are the rules for this structure?

1. DO NOT TRANSLATE THE ENGLISH WORD that
(ENGLISH OFTEN OMITS IT ANYWAY).

2. MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE that CLAUSE IN THE
OBJECTIVE CASE.

3. MAKE AN INFINITIVE THE VERB OF THE that
CLAUSE.

Since we use the objective with the infinitive here, we
sometimes speak of this structure as the “objective with
the infinitive.”

Is the infinitive always in the present? No—some¬
times we use the perfect:

He says that Caesar has come.

Dicit Caesarem venisse.

Now—suppose the English, instead of starting out “He
says" had read “He said.” Well that is a bit tougher in
English, but no trouble in Latin. Here is what happens
to the English:

Circuluslatinus.org

He says that Caesar is coming—(Latin: Dicit Caes-
arem venire) becomes:—He said that Caesar was com¬
ing—(Latin: Dixit Caesarem venire). But as for the
Latin: Dixit Caesarem venire—we merely changed the
dicit to dixit. (There are a few other combinations pos¬
sible—but we shall see them later). Did the Romans
often use this queer structure? Yes they did—most old
writers use it almost always, rather than the quod venit
type. Later Latin writers use both kinds rather freely.
So we need to know both types. It would be well worth¬
while to memorize the following samples:—

1. Dicit Mariam agnum amare. —He says that Mary
loves (does love, is loving) the lamb.

2. Dixit Mariam agnum amare. —He said that Mary
loved (did love, was loving) the lamb.

3. Dicit Mariam agnum amavisse. —He says that Mary
has loved (did love, loved) the lamb.

4. Dixit Mariam agnum amavisse. —He said that Mary
had loved (or: that she loved) the lamb.

To translate, compare the sentence (Latin or English)
with these patterns. Notice first the dicit (dixit) or Eng¬
lish equivalent. Then check the rest of the sentence, and
model it on the pattern given. Then it will be easy.
Note: this indirect statement structure comes

NOT ONLY AFTER dixit, BUT ALSO AFTER OTHER VERBS
THAT MEAN: SAY, THINK, BELIEVE, ETC.

Exerceamus Nos

Watch carefully to see how objective-infinitives are used.

Cicero dicit Catilinam esse virum malum (Cicero dicit
quod Catilina est vir malus). Dixit Catilinam venire
cum exercitu magno (Dixit quod Catilina veniebat cum
exercitu magno). Clodius dixit se alibi fuisse (Clodius
dixit quod alibi fuerat). Cicero probavit Clodium in
urbe fuisse. Clodius non dixit veritatem. Cicero dixit
Clodium non dixisse veritatem. Cicero dicit Clodium
profanavisse mysteria “Bonae Deae.” Et re vera Clodius
fecerat hoc. Clodius odit Ciceronem.

Clodius dixit Ciceronem fecisse malum quia coni¬

uratores interfecerat sine iudicio coram populo. Dixitne
Clodius verum? Difficile est dicere. Sed senatus consi¬
lium dedit Ciceroni. Senatus dixit Ciceronem debere
interficere coniuratores. Et Cicero fecit id quod senatus
voluit. Cicero dixit se non velle comprehendere Catili¬
nam statim. Dixit se velle Catilinam discedere ex urbe
cum omnibus sociis. Catilina ergo discessit, sed non
omnes socii eius discesserunt cum eo; quidam ex eis
comprehensi sunt a Cicerone. Cicero, epistolis a Gallis
acceptis, poterat probare illos esse coniuratores contra
Romam. Itaque iecit illos in carcerem. Consulit sena-
tum de eis, et placuit senatui interficere eos in carcere.
Multi coniuratores interfecti sunt in carcere, sed reliqui
coniuratores erant in exercitu Catilinae. Catilina dixit
eis necesse esse pugnare fortiter pro vita ipsa, et re vera
hoc fecerunt.

Antonius erat consul in illo anno cum Cicerone, sed
Antonius dixit se non posse pugnare. Dixit se esse
aegrum pedibus. Et veritatem dixit.

English to Latin

1. Was Antonius really sick? 2. The rest of the men
tried to free them. 3. Cicero says that he is warning
Catiline. 4. They said that Clodius had profaned the
mysteries of the Bona Dea. 5. Catiline says that he has
seen Curius. 6. Cicero says that a public trial is not
necessary. 7. Catiline says that they are fighting for
their lives.

Scramble Exercise

Romani dicebant hanc deam esse “Bonam Deam.”
Clodium profanavisse mysteria huius deae dixit Cicero.
Sed historia dicit etiam hanc “Bonam Deam” non fuisse
bonam. Nihilominus, Romani non sine veritate Clodium
virum malum esse dixerunt. Fuit enim talis. Iam vir
adultus factus, Clodius dixit se velle adoptari a familia
plebeia. Haec quia tribunus plebis fieri voluit dixit.
Idem Clodius dixit Ciceronem debuisse dare coniura-
toribus iudicium coram populo—id quod Cicero re vera
non dederat.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Summary: Cicero was forced into exile by the charges of Clodius. He groaned much
over this. He was recalled in the next year. But he did not take much part in public
life on his return, though he had to take a term as governor of Cilicia. He returned
to Rome just in time for the start of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey.

Clodius, olim patricius, iam plebeius et tribunus plebis, accusabat Cicero-
nem quia Cicero iusserat coniuratores interfici sine iudicio coram populo.
Cicero re vera hoc fecerat, sed quaestio erat: feceratne hoc iure an non?
Multae leges Romanae iam scriptae erant, sed lex fundamentals, quae
vocatur hodie lex constitutionals—haec lex nullo modo scripta erat in
diebus Ciceronis. Difficile erat ergo scire de hac re. Sed certum erat quod
Clodius odit Ciceronem, et propter hanc causam aggressus est eum. Tri-
buni plebis habebant magnam potestatem in illis temporibus, et Clodius
non solum conatus est mittere Ciceronem in exsilium, verum etiam poterat
mittere eum. Cicero ergo per legem novam coactus est ire in exsilium. Hoc
accidit anno quinquagesimo sexto (56). Cicero ergo affectus est maximo
dolore. Amavit enim Romam magno amore. Sed lex iussit eum exire et
Cicero exivit. Multas epistolas scripsit ex exsilio ad amicum suum Atticum.
Hae epistolae etiam nunc habentur et legi possunt. Sed Cicero habuit
multos bonos amicos in urbe. Hi amici multa fecerunt pro eo. Per labores
eorum, Cicero revocatus est ab exsilio in anno quinquagesimo quinto (55).

Cicero, reversus ab exsilio, non iam dedit se vitae publicae. Nihilominus,
iussus est ire in Ciliciam anno quinquagesimo secundo (52). Ibi erat
gubernator Romanus. Reversus est in Italiam in fine anni quinquagesimi et
venit Romam in initio belli civilis inter Caesarem et Pompeium. Bellum
enim civile coepit in Ianuario anni quadragesimi noni (49).

ius, iur e-right, law
hodi e-today
certus -certain
aggressus est -attacked
verum etiam-6w/ also
exsilium-ejcf'/e
ire-/o go
affectus-moved
dolor-grief, pain
exir e-go out
gubernator-governor

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say: Whose (of whom)? of the same
man, of the pain, of the mystery, of Caesar himself, of
this man. 2. Decline together: malus hostis, homo aeger,
reliqui milites. 3. How do you say: He will be affected,
he will be freed, he will warn, he will arrest. Now make
all these plural.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Word Order: We have already studied two tricks in
word order: the type, Maria agnum habet (we saw it in
Lesson 20), and the sandwich style, magnum habuit
exercitum. The possibilities are numerous—but now
that we are fairly well used to the above two types, we

VOCABULARIUM

ire, iit, *iturus-go (pres¬
ent tense is irregular :
it and eunt: 3d sing,
and pi. pres.: ibat and
ibant: imperf.: ibit
andibunt: future,
present active par¬
ticiple: iens, eunti).
hodi e-today

[afficiunt], afficere,
affecit, affectus -affect
move

[aggrediuntur], aggredi,
aggressus est -attack
non solum ...
verum etiam:
not only ...
but also

certus, a um -certain
magnus dolor, dolore-grief, pain
exsilium, o -exile
verum ius, iur e-right, law

Circuluslatinus.org

can become a bit more free—actually, we could take the
three words: Maria agnum habet, and put them in
absolutely any order, and they would mean the same.
We now begin to experiment just a bit. It may seem
strange at first, but we will not do too much of it, and
we will soon be used to it.

Amici Catilinae in carcerem ibant. In carcere mori-
entur. Ergo magno affecti sunt dolore: non enim mori
volunt. Sed non possunt dicere se fuisse alibi. Cicero
enim epistolas habet ab eis scriptas. Debuitne Cicero
dare illis iudicium coram populo Romano? Clodius
Ciceronem debuisse dixit. Sed hoc non fecit Cicero. Quid
est verum in hac re? Non est facile veritatem invenire.
Quamquam enim multae leges Romanae iam scriptae
erant, lex constitutionalis scripta non erat. Quia in
exsilium ire debebat, Cicero maximo affectus est dolore.
Dixit neminem umquam (ever) talem dolorem ha-
buisse, sed veritatem non dixit. Cicero enim non erat vir
fortis; superbus vir erat. Sed ab exsilio revocatus est in
anno quinquagesimo quinto ( 55 ). Non ergo in exsilio
per annum totum fuerat. Malum est in exsilio esse, sed
maximum malum non est. Itaque Cicero exclamare non
debuit quod nemo umquam tale habuit malum.

Quare voluit Clodius adoptari? Quia esse tribunus
plebis voluit. Tribuni plebis creati sunt in saeculo quinto
ante Christum. Plebs enim Romana Roma exiverat et in
Montem Sacrum venerat. Non voluerunt reverti Ro-
mam. Sed nuntii ex patriciis rogaverunt eos in urbem
rursus venire. Plebs non venit. Ergo tribunos patricii
dederunt. Tribunis acceptis, plebs reversa est. Hi tribuni
defendere plebem contra patricios poterant. Tribuni
enim magnam habebant potestatem. Nunc autem Clo¬

dius vult magnam habere potestatem. Vult vindictam
habere quia Cicero eum accusaverat. Sed esse tribunus
non poterat, quia patricius erat nativitate. Ergo adoptari
a familia plebeia voluit.

Agnus albus etiam adoptari voluit. A Maria adopta-
tus est. Eratne ergo Maria agnus? Non. Eratne ergo
agnus Maria? Non. Sed Maria agnum amavit: agnus
enim non solum in scholam venit, verum etiam suum
BA accepit. Magnus honor erat agno. Talem honorem
quinque porci non acceperunt. Sed quinque porci in
lingua Gallica ( French ) loqui poterant: dixerunt enim,
oui, oui.

English to Latin

1. They will go into prison. 2. They will be very sad
(affected with great grief). 3. It is hard to go into exile.
4. Why do they attack Rome? 5. Cicero says that he is
in great pain. 6. Did Catiline have a right to (use ad) a
public trial? 7. Because he did these things, great grief
will come to him.

Scramble Exercise

Legem Romanam fundamentalem, quae vocatur lex
constitutionalis, non fuisse scriptam in diebus Ciceronis
dicit historia. Et verum est. Sed etiam in his temporibus
modernis non omnes terrae legem constitutionalem
scriptam habent. Multi dicunt hanc legem in Britannia,
quae est insula magna, non scriptam esse. Quam propter
causam, Clodius poterat dicere Ciceronem, qui consul
erat, contra legem egisse. Dixitne veritatem Clodius?
Difficile dicere est.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA PRIMA

De modo subiunctivo in tempore imperfecto activo
De clausulis ftnalibus

Summary: Cicero hesitated for a long time, but finally joined Pompey’s side (and
did almost nothing). After Pompey’s defeat, Caesar generously pardoned him. But
Cicero retired and turned to writing. After the death of Caesar he delivered several
violent speeches against Anthony. Octavius, the adopted son of Caesar, defeated
Anthony, and became consul.

Cicero venerat Romam in initio belli civilis inter Caesarem et Pompeium.
Caesar et Pompeius nullum auxilium dederant Ciceroni quando Clodius
aggressus est eum. Cicero non voluit pugnare in hoc bello. Sed Pompeius
dixerat: “Si vir non pugnabit pro me, putabitur esse inimicus meus.”
Cicero ergo venit in castra Pompei, sed fere nihil fecit. Pompeius, sicut
iam dictum est, victus est in hoc bello et coactus est fugere in Aegyptum.
Ibi interfectus est a quibusdam militibus. Sed Caesar misericordiam mag-
nam habuit; celeriter ignovit Ciceroni et etiam dedit licentiam reverti
Romam. Sed Cicero non voluit se dare vitae publicae post hoc bellum.
ltaque, per tres vel quattuor (3-4) annos, scripsit multos libros de rebus
philosophicis et rhetoricis.

Annus quadragesimus quartus (44) venit, et, in mense Martio, Idus
etiam venerunt. Caesar monitus est a multis. fitiam vates monuit eum:
“Necesse est cavere Idus Martias!” Sed Caesar respondit: “Idus Martiae
venerunt!”—“Sed non discesserunt,” dixit vates. Caesar nihil fecit de his
monitionibus sed—venit in senatum. Ibi interfectus est a coniuratoribus.
Caesare mortuo, Cicero venit rursus in vitam publicam. Multas orationes
vehementes habuit contra Marcum Antonium, amicum Caesaris.

Bella civilia venerunt post mortem Caesaris. Caesar filium non habuit.
Sed adoptaverat Gaium Octavium (qui postea vocatus est Augustus).
(Iulius Caesar etiam erat avunculus magnus huius Gai Octavi.) Post
mortem Caesaris Octavius venit in Italiam, et pugnavit contra Antonium.
Antonius victus est, et fugit trans Alpes. Octavius reversus est Romam, et
factus est consul. (Continuabitur eras)

si -if

castra -camp
sicut-aj

ignovit -forgave

\icentia-permission

\ates-soothsayer

momtio-warning

postcu-afterwards

avunculus-wnc/e

VOCABULARIUM

ignoscere, ignovit, postea-afterwards

ignotus -forgive (with si -if
dat. and obj. Caesari sicut, -as, just as, as if
multa ignovit -He for- ut -that (with subj.), so
gave Caesar many that, in order to, in

things.) order that

n t-lest, so that . . . not

avunculus, o -uncle (on mother’s side: on
father’s side is patruus)
licentia, a -permission
bona monitio, monitione-adv/ce, warning
bonus vates, i -soothsayer, prophet

Nunc Cogitemus

Imperfect Tense of Subjunctive Mood: So far we
have been using infinitives and indicative forms of the
verb (we have not called them indicative mood). We
must now learn some subjunctive forms. The imperfect
tense is wonderfully easy to form; merely add -t or -nt
to the present infinitive active. Thus:

1. pararet pararent 3. poneret ponerent

2. haberet haberent 4. audiret audirent.

But how to translate the subjunctive? The translation
varies according to use. Hence we must observe each
use separately (sometimes we translate just like an in¬
dicative, but other times we use English forms with

Circuluslatinus.org

may or might). Therefore we must learn just a few uses
of the subjunctive.

Purpose (final) Clauses: They have chiefly two
forms in English:

He went out to see Caesar.

He went out that he might see Caesar.

In Latin purpose clauses are easy; here are two ex¬
amples:

1. Exivit ut videret Caesarem. He went out that he
might see Caesar.

2. Imperavit ut milites pugnarent. He ordered that
the soldiers fight.

The negative form (lest or that... not) uses ne instead
of ut:

Discessit ne videret mortem coniuratorum.

He left, lest he see the death of the conspirators.

(or: that he might not see ...)

(or: so that he would not see ...)

As to the Tenses of the Subjunctive : we ordinarily
use the imperfect (in a purpose clause) after a past
tense of the main verb (in the sentence above— he
came). Again it would be worthwhile to memorize one
Latin example of a purpose clause.

Note: We never use ut in place of quod for an indirect
statement.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Notice the ut and subjunctive patterns.

Cicero discessit Roma ut iret in exsilium. Cicero non
voluit ire in exsilium. Sed Pompeius non dedit auxilium
ne deberet ire in exsilium. Consuluerat senatum ut sciret
de legibus. Et placuit senatui ut Cicero interficeret
coniuratores. Cicero ergo iusserat eos interfici. Ducti
sunt in carcerem ut alii viri possent interficere eos.
Magno dolore affecti sunt.

Sed Cicero non voluit agere contra leges, contra id
quod ius erat. Cicero dixit se habere ius ut faceret haec.
Non remansit in exsilio per totam vitam suam; revoca-
tus est anno quinquagesimo quinto. Cicero etiam erat in

bello civili. Sed remansit in castris Pompei. Non enim
voluit pugnare.

Pompeius victus est et etiam interfectus. Pompeio
victo, Caesar ignovit Ciceroni. Rogavit Ciceronem ut
veniret ad se. Cicero in vita publica non remansit.
Discessit ut multa scriberet. Scripsit de philosophia et
de arte rhetorica.

Post mortem Caesaris Cicero habuit multas orationes
vehementes. Has habuit ut deleret potestatem Antoni—
sed non potuit. Re vera, Antonius delevit non solum
potestatem Ciceronis, verum etiam vitam eius—Sed
bonum est audire etiam de antiquis amicis—Columbus
voluit habere naves ut navigaret in Americam. Isabella
pecuniam dedit ut posset habere naves. Isabella rogavit
ut inveniret Indiam. Columbus etiam voluit invenire
Indiam—nihil scivit de America. Et Maria non rogavit
agnum album ut veniret in scholam—et agnus non
rogavit Mariam ut licentiam haberet ire in scholam.
Agnus venit in scholam sine licentia! Sed Maria non
accusavit agnum—amavit enim eum. Marcus non voluit
habere agnum in schola. Sed nihil dixit Mariae de hoc,
ne Maria exclamaret.

English to Latin

1. He came to see Caesar. 2. They were led into prison,
so that men might kill them. 3. Cicero was sent into
Cilicia, to be governor (gubernator) there. 4. Caesar’s
uncle sent him to find Cicero. 5. Caesar forgave Cicero
many things. 6. Cicero gave many speeches to destroy
the power of Anthony. 7. He said nothing to Cicero,
lest Cicero arrest him.

Scramble Exercise

Ut cogeret omnes venire in castra sua, Pompeius dixit:
“Si vir non pugnabit pro me, punietur.” Historia Ro-
mana dicit Ciceronem venisse in castra Pompei—sed
ibi fere nihil fecisse. Quia Caesarem non amavit et ne
puniretur a Pompeio, in castra venit Pompei. Nihilomi-
nus, historia dicit Caesarem ignovisse Ciceroni post
bellum. His factis, ex vita publica discessit Cicero et
laborabat ut multos de rebus philosophicis libros scri¬
beret. Ex quibus libris multos viri in nostris (our)
temporibus legunt. Hi libri etiam imprimuntur (print).

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SECUNDA

De modo subiunctivo in tempore imperjecto passivo
De dativo casu pronominum

Summary: Octavius became reconciled to Anthony, and, with him and Lepidus,
formed the second triumvirate. Proscriptions followed, in which Cicero died.
Augustus and Anthony next defeated Brutus and Cassius at Philippi, in 42 BC. Some
years later, in 36, Augustus defeated Sextus Pompey in Sicily.

Octavius (qui postea vocatus est Augustus) iam vicerat Antonium. Sed
brevi tempore factus est amicus Antoni. Caesar, Pompeius, et Crassus
fecerant “Primum Triumviratum,” et vocati erant “Triumviri.” Iam An¬
tonius, Octavius, et Lepidus fecerunt “Secundum Triumviratum.” Sulla
quotidie posuerat in foro nomina proscriptorum. Hoc modo Sulla inter-
fecerat multos homines. Simili modo hi triumviri, id est, Antonius, et
Octavius, et Lepidus, interfecerunt multos, in quibus erant fere duo millia
equitum (2000) et trecenti senatores (300). Cicero, sicut iam dictum
est, habuerat multas et vehementes orationes contra Antonium. Propter
hanc causam Antonius voluit nomen Ciceronis esse inter proscriptos.
Cicero auxilium dederat Octavio, sed nihilominus, Octavius permisit
Antonio ut scriberet nomen Ciceronis inter proscriptos. Milites Antoni
ergo venerunt ut invenirent Ciceronem. Cicero conatus est fugere; sed
milites secuti sunt eum, et ceperunt eum. Servi Ciceronis voluerunt de¬
fender eum—Cicero enim bonus fuerat servis suis—sed Cicero noluit.
Cicero enim dixit necesse esse mori. Milites decollaverunt eum. Itaque
Cicero mortuus est, die septimo Decembris, in anno quadragesimo tertio
(43) ante nativitatem Christi. Habuerat fere annos sexaginta et quattuor
(64).

Augustus et Antonius navigaverunt in Graeciam, et vicerunt Brutum et
Cassium in proelio magno ad Philippos. (Brutus et Cassius fuerant in
coniuratione quae interfecit Caesarem.) Hoc proelium factum est in anno
quadragesimo secundo (42). In anno trigesimo sexto (36) Augustus vicit
Sextum Pompeium (ille erat filius Gnaei Pompei Magni, victi a Caesare
in bello civili). Sextus Pompeius post mortem Caesaris, cepit Siciliam
classi magna. Sextus Pompeius, victus ab Octavio, fugit in Asiam, sed ibi
interfectus est in anno trigesimo quinto (35). (Continuabitur eras)

brevis-s/jor?
quotidie-da/'/y
proscriptus-proscribed
similis -similar
pemisit-permitted
noluit-wu^ not willing
decollavit -beheaded
classis -fleet

VOCABULARIUM

decollare, avit, atus-

(permisit hoc Marco)

behead

proscribere, scripsit,

nolle, noluit,- be

scriptus-proscribe.

unwilling (forms are

list

like those of voluit,

quotidi e-daily

except that third sing.

brevis, breve, i-short

is non vult, instead of

magna classis, i -fleet

nult)

similis, simile, i-like.

permittere, misit,

similar

missus-permit

Nunc Cogitemus

Imperfect Subjunctive Passive: To form the pas¬
sive, just add the letters -ur to the active forms of the
third singular and plural. Thus:

pararetur pararentur

With deponent verbs, we use what looks like an active
infinitive form, and then add endings: e.g., conaretur
(1), loqueretur (3).

Dative Case of Pronouns: We remember how easy
it was to form the possessive case of the pronouns; the
singulars all ended in -/its, and the plurals were like

Circuluslatinus.org

bonus. Now, in the dative, the singulars all end in -/.
Thus (all genders same):

huic, illi, ipsi, ei, eidem, cui, cuidam.

The plurals are not all the same as bonus now—but they
are the same as the ablative plurals of the same words.
Thus (all genders same):

his, illis, ipsis, eis, eisdem, quibus, quibusdam
As for the interrogative quis —it also has cui and quibus,
for all genders.

Possessive and Dative Case of Some Adjectives:
There are nine adjectives that behave like the pronouns
in the possessive and the dative singulars (otherwise
they are normal):

Nominative

Possessive

Dative

alius

alius (rare—

alii-some, other, another

solus

usually use:

soli -alone, only

ullus

alterius)

ulli-any

unus

solius

uni-one

totus

ullius

toti -whole

null us

unius

nulli-none, no

alter

totius

alteri-one, the other

uter

nullius

utri -which (of two)

neuter

alterius

utrius

neutrius

neutri -neither

Notice that we have two words whose meaning is almost
the same: alius and alter. They both mean: one . . .
another —but— alter . . . alter is used when we have
only two to talk about— alius is used when we have
more than two. Notice the way the list of nominatives
forms a sort of jingle—best to memorize them in that
order (we have already seen all but the last three).

As for the accent of the possessive singulars—all are
accented on the letter i except altirius, which is accented
on the letter e.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Look for the dative case patterns.

Omnis potestas data est soli Augusto. Estne bonum
uni homini omnem potestatem dare? Difficile est dicere.
Lepidus et Antonius etiam fuerunt in secundo trium-
viratu, sed neutri horum data est potestas suprema. Sine
ulla difficultate Augustus factus est imperator Roman us.
Antiquis temporibus imperator erat vir qui exercitum

Romanum ducebat. Sed diebus Augusti, imperator
omnes Romanos ducebat.

Cicero Augusto auxilium dederat, sed Antonius
milites misit ut Cicero decollaretur. Decollatio fit
(happens ) quando caput viri movetur de collo (neck)
eius. Hoc factum est Ciceroni—ergo necesse erat ut ex
hac vita discederet. Cicero enim sine capite non poterat
loqui; orationes vehementes habere voluit. Sed difficile
erat orationes sine capite habere. Cicero ergo, nolens
hoc facere, ex hac vita discessit. Sed hoc accidit non
solum Ciceroni, verum etiam multis aliis hominibus.
Alii enim Antonium oderunt, alii Augustum oderunt,
alii Lepidum oderunt. Hi omnes proscripti sunt. Erat
res nullius difficultatis interficere eos. Triumviri enim
maximam habuerunt potestatem. Magnum habuerunt
exercitum. Sed etiam classem magnam habuerunt.

In classi erant multae naves. Nos sumus (we are)
etiam in classi nunc. Sumus ergo naves? Non. Sed naves
sunt in mari—et quidam dicunt quod nos sumus etiam
in mari. Ergo dicunt quod nos sumus in classi. Fuit qui¬
dam magnus (sed malus) vir in Russia. Ille vir non
amavit Status Foederatos Americae. Multas habuit
naves, et magnum exercitum. Americam delere voluit.
Libertatem delere voluit.

English to Latin

1. He sent soldiers to speak (use a form of loqui) to
Cicero. 2. After the soldiers departed, Cicero could not
speak. 3. Not only the soldiers, but Cicero also had
departed. 4. This man is not similar to that man. 5. The
man to whom he gave the names is not his friend.
6. Because of Anthony’s hatred, Augustus sent soldiers
to kill Cicero. 7. The names were written in the forum
that they might be killed.

Scramble Exercise

Triumviris inter se pugnantibus, Cicero contra Anto¬
nium, qui unus ex triumviris erat, orationes multas et
vehementes habuit ut populum Romanum contra An¬
tonium moveret. Itaque, ne posset alias tales orationes
habere, Antonius Octavium rogavit ut licentiam haberet
interficere Ciceronem. Quern decollari permisit Octa¬
vius, quamquam Cicero pro ipso multa bona fecerat.
Militibus venientibus ut Ciceronem decollarent, servi
Ciceronis eum defendere conati sunt. Dixerunt enim
eum virum non malum fuisse; bonum servis fuisse.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA TERTIA

De subiunctivo activo in tempore plusquam perfecto
De cum causali, concessivo, et temporali

Summary: Augustus not only defeated Sextus Pompey, but deprived Lepidus of his
power. Thus there were only two triumvirs left. Anthony fell in “love” with Cleo¬
patra, queen of Egypt. He therefore divorced Octavia, sister of Augustus. Augustus
defeated Anthony near Actium in a sea battle. He then pursued Anthony and Cleo¬
patra to Egypt. There, in the next year, they committed suicide. Augustus surrendered
power to the senate, but soon received it all back.

Lepidus erat unus ex triumviris. Navigavit in Sidliam cum Augustus
pugnaret cum Sexto Pompeio ut auxilium daret Augusto. Augustus vicit
Sextum Pompeium (sicut iam dictum est), sed etiam privavit Lepidum
potestate. Lepidus enim, cum Sextus fugisset, conatus est maiorem po¬
testatem capere. Sed milites Lepidi deseruerunt eum. Augustus non inter-
fecit Lepidum; misit eum Romam. Ibi Lepidus remansit per reliquam
vitam suam. Erat pontifex maximus. Iam erant duo soli qui habebant
potestatem in mundo Romano: Augustus et Antonius.

Antonius duxerat Octaviam in matrimonium. Octavia erat soror Augusti
(qui erat Octavius). Sed Antonius navigavit in Aegyptum. In Aegypto vidit
Cleopatram, quae erat regina Aegypti. Videns Cleopatram, Antonius
putavit se am are earn. Antonius putavit Cleopatram esse pulchram; sed re
vera erat pinguis. Antonius ergo dimisit uxorem suam, Octaviam. Octavia
ira affecta est contra Antonium, et locuta est cum fratre suo, Augusto. Ille,
motus dolore et ira, movit bellum cum Antonio. In anno trigesimo primo
(31), ad Actium, classis Augusti pepulit classem Antoni. Sed Antonius ipse
(et Cleopatra cum eo) evasit ex manibus Augusti, et iit in Aegyptum.

Augustus ltaque, in proximo anno (id est, in anno trigesimo) navigavit in
Aegyptum. Antonius et Cleopatra, audientes Augustum venire, inter-
fecerunt se.

Omnibus inimfcis victis, Augustus reversus est Romam. Habuit multas
potestates extraordinarias, a senatu acceptas. In anno vigesimo septimo
(27), venit in senatum Romanum, et reddidit omnem potestatem senatui.

Sed, non post multos annos, senatus et populus Romanus reddidit omnem
potestatem Augusto.

Nunc Cogitemus

Pluperfect Subjunctive Active: We have already
learned how to make the perfect active infinitive —just
substitute -isse for the third singular ending -it. Thus we
have, for example, paravisse. Now, to make pluperfect
subjunctive:

Just add -t or -nt —third singular and plural, active—
thus—

paravisset paravissent

Cum Clauses: We have been using the preposition
cum with the ablative to mean with. But the word cum

VOCABULARIUM

pellere, pepulit, pulsus-
drive, rout
privare, privavit,
privatus -deprive
(with abl. privare
Mariam agno -deprive
Mary of the lamb )

magnus pontifex, pontifice-pr/eyf
proximus, a, um-next, nearest
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum -beautiful

reddere, reddidit,
redditus-g/ve back,
return

cum-when, after,
although, because
pinguis, pingue-/af

cum-when, although, because

privavit -deprived

descruit-deserted

esset- subj. of esse

pontif cx-priest

pulcher -beautiful

pinguis-/af

pepulit -rout

Circuluslatinus.org

can also be a conjunction meaning: when (while),
after, although, or because.

A conjunction starts a whole clause
A preposition starts a phrase

For example: Venit cum militibus. He came with the
soldiers.

This cum militibus is a prepositional phrase.

Cum Augustus pugnaret, Lepidus venit. When
A ugustus was fighting, Lepidus came.

Cum Augustus pugnaret is a clause.

Notice that cum can have three quite different mean¬
ings: when (or while or after) although, and because
(or since). For example:

1. Cum Lepidus venisset, Augustus misit eum in
Italiam.

When Lepidus had come, Augustus sent him into
Italy.

2. Cum Lepidus auxilium dedisset, Augustus priva-
vit eum potestate.

Although Lepidus had helped, Augustus deprived
him of power.

3. Cum Antonius vidisset Cleopatram, putavit se
amare earn.

Because Anthony had seen Cleopatra, he thought
that he loved her.

How do we know which English meaning to use for
cum ? We know merely by the general sense of the story,
but when in doubt, try when or while first (they are
the most vague, and so most likely to work). Some¬
times more than one meaning would work. Try out
other meanings on the examples given above.

Rules for Using Cum: When cum means because or
although, always use the subjunctive.

When cum means when (while or after) sometimes use
the subjunctive sometimes the indicative. There will be
more on this later. Meanwhile, notice the usages in the
stories.

Tense of Subjunctive: If the verb of the main
clause is a past tense, we will always find an imperfect
or pluperfect subjunctive (if any subjunctive at all).
(We shall see later what happens if the main verb is
other than past tense.) What is the difference between
imperfect and'pluperfect? Obvious—merely notice the
examples:

Cum A. pugnaret, L. venit—When A. was fighting,
L. came.

Cum L. venisset, A. misit eum—When L. had come,
A. sent him.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Antonius Ciceronem proscrfpsit, cum Cicero fufsset
amicus Augusti. Cum mflites Antoni Ciceronem in-
venfssent, decollaverunt eum. Sed Antonius ipse non
est decollatus, Antonius se interfecit. Antonius enim
regfnam Aegypti vfderat, quae Cleopatra vocabatur.
Antonius putavit se amare earn, sed verum amorem non
habuit. Antonius uxorem suam Octaviam dimfsit.
Octavius ira motus est, et bellum movit.

Eratne Cleopatra pulchra? Antonius putavit earn esse
pulchram. Sed homines in his temporibus (id est, sae-
culo vigesimo) non putarent ( would not think) earn
esse pulchram. Erat enim pinguis. Puellae quae nunc
pulchrae putantur non debent esse pingues. Sed quid est
verum? Vera pulchritudo non est in corpore solo. Sed
homines in tempore Augusti putabant quod puellae
pingues erant pulchrae.

Quinque porci etiam pingues sunt. Suntne illi etiam
pulchri? Quinque porci sese esse pulchros putant. Si
quaestio rogatur: “Suntne hi porci pulchri?” quid res¬
pondent porci? Respondent: Oui, oui. (Sunt enim ex
Gallia).

Lepidus, cum Augustus privavfsset eum omni potes¬
tate, erat pontifex maximus. Augustus voluit esse
etiam pontifex maximus; post mortem Lepidi, pontifica-
tum accepit. Sed non decollavit Lepidum. Noluit hoc
facere, ne multi homines odfssent eum. In antfquis die-
bus, cum Romani reges ex urbe pepulfssent, Etrusci
bellum moverunt, ut reges Romae redderent. Sed Ro¬
mani accfpere reges noluerunt. Propter hanc causam
fortiter pugnaverunt. Voluerunt libertatem habere. Sed
patrfciisoli plenam (full) libertatem habuerunt. Plebefi
pugnare debuerunt ut iura a patriciis accfperent.

English to Latin

(Use cum wherever possible)

1. Although Cicero had given help to Augustus, Augus¬
tus did not help Cicero. 2. Anthony hated Cicero, be¬
cause Cicero had made speeches against him. 3. Al¬
though Cicero was not an enemy of Rome, he was killed
by the sword. 4. Although Cicero had been his friend,
Augustus allowed him to be killed. 5. Anthony said that
Cicero had been an enemy of Rome. 6. Since he saw that

Circuluslatinus.org

he was defeated, Anthony killed himself. 7. Caesar gave
back all rights to Cicero.

Scramble Exercise

Cum Ciceronem interfecisset, Antonius ipse interfectus
est. Cum quidam vir ex Gallia dixisset necesse cavere
feminas, Antonius non audivit. Antonius enim put&vit

se am£re Cleop£tram, reginam Aegypti. Quae femina
non re vera pulchra fuit—pinguis enim sicut quinque
porci, amici nostri (our), fuit. Sed quidam vir dixit
amorem esse caecum, et verMtem dixit. Antonius enim,
classi magna facta, pugn&vit cum Oct&vio. Classi magna
victa, Antonius et Cleopatra, ne caperentur, sese inter-
fecerunt.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Augusto imperatore, Christus natus est in Bethelehem in Iudaea. Sed nunc
tempus est ut relinquatur historia Romana. Bonum erit legere historiam
sacram veteris testamenti. Liber primus veteris testamenti vocatur Genesis.
In hoc libro narratur historia creationis mundi totxus.

In princfpio enim, solus Deus erat; nulla creatura adhuc facta erat.
Scriptor huius libri Geneseos scripsit de septem diebus creationis, vel
potius de sex diebus creationis—in septimo enim die Deus requievit ab
op6ribus suis. S«d sacer scriptor huius libri non voluit dicere quod Deus re
vera fecit omnia in septem diebus. Forsan illi dies erant re vera multi anni.
Sed bonum erat docere hoc modo quod fecit omnia. Itaque, dixit quod in
primo die Deus creavit coelum et terram. Sed adhuc nihil erat in terra; nulla
alia creatura erat facta. Sed Spfritus Dei erat super aquas. Deus iussit lucem
fieri. Et lux facta est. Et Deus vidit lucem esse bonam. Deus etiam separa-
vit lucem a tenebris. Vocavit lucem diem. Et vocavit tenebras noctem.
Haec Deus fecit in primo die creationis. Sed Deus non fecit haec cum
magno labore. Homines, quando faciunt opera sua, faciunt ea saepe cum
magna difficultate vel cum labore magno. Deus loquitur—et res fit. Si
Deus solummodo dicit: “Fiat”—statim factum est. Hoc modo ergo Deus
fecit mundum et omnia quae in eo sunt. Iussit: “Fiant hae res,” et factae
sunt. Deus etiam .vidit quod ea quae fecit erant bona. Hoc necesse est,
Deus enim non potest facere malum.

relinquere-feave
vet us-o W
sacer -sacred
adhuc-yet

Geneseos -poss. sing, of
Genesis {Greek)
vel -or

podm-rather
requievit -rested
opus-worA:
docere-teach
coelum-heaven
spkitus-spirit
super -above
\ux-light

separ&vit-separated
tenebra e-darkness
nox-night
solummodo-on/y
fiat -let it be

VOCABULARIUM

docere, docuit, doctus-
teach

requiescere, requievit,
requietus-re^f
relfnquere, relfquit,

relictus-Zeave
adhuc-yet, still
solummodo-on/y
super ( with obj.)-above,
over

coelum, o ( but plural is masc.\ coeli) —
heaven, sky
magna lux, \uce-light
longa nox, nocte-night
magnum opus, oper e-work
vetus, veter t-old

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Give imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of:
docire , decolldre, nolle, esse, pillere. 2. Give pluperfect
subjunctive active of: permtttere, proscribe re, privdre,
riddere, igndscere. 3. Give dative singular and plural

of: hie, ille, ipse, idem, quis, qui, is. 4. Give possessive
singular and plural of: hie, ille, ipse, idem, quis, qui, is.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Diebus antiquis Romae, Romani multa gesserunt bella.
Sed non solum antiquis diebus, sed fere omni anno
Romani bellum gesserunt. Inter alia bella, bella cum
Albanis habuerunt. Sed in hoc bello Albano, duces
Romani venerunt ad duces Albanorum. Romani locuti
sunt: “Non est necesse ut multi viri ex exercitu Romano
interficiantur, et etiam multi ex exercitu Albano. Ro¬
mani mittere volunt solummodo tres viros bonos et
fortes in pugnam, si Albani idem facient.” Hoc consi¬
lium Albanis bonum visum est. Itaque Romani tres viros
fortes miserunt. Hi tres Romani Horatii vocabantur.
Albani etiam tres viros fortes miserunt, ut cum tribus
Romanis pugnarent. Hi tres Albani Curiatii voca¬
bantur.

In prima parte pugnae, duo ex tribus Horatiis inter-
fecti sunt. Romani mflites qui pugnam videbant, magno
affecti sunt dolore. Sed etiam ille unus Horatius qui

Circuluslatinus.org

remAnsit mAximo affectus est dolore. Dixit enim, “O!
O! NecAsse est timAre. Sed adhuc spes (hope) rAmanet.
... Quamquam difficile est interficere tres—unus solus
intArfici potest!” ltaque celAriter currere (run) coepit.
Tres CuriAtii venArunt ut eum cAperent. Post breve
tempus, RomAnus vidit quod tres CuriAtii adhuc se-
quebAntur—sed sequebAntur intervallis magnis (at
large intervals). RomAnus ltaque stetit. Primus ex
CuriAtiis venit; RomAnus celAriter eum interfAcit. Sed
duo Alii adhuc veniAbant. RomAnus itaque currere celA-
riter coepit. Post breve tempus, vidit duos CuriAtios
sequi intervallo magno. Stetit ergo. Unus ex rAliquis
Curiatiis ad eum venit. Romdnus celeriter eum inter-
f6cit. Post breve tempus Alius Curiatius solus venit ad
unum Romanum. Romanus fortis erat; etiam tArtium
interfAcit CuriAtium. Hoc modo RomAni AlbAnos vi-
cArunt. RomAni servi non sunt facti AlbAnis. RomAni
adhuc libertAtem habent.

English to Latin

1. It was not necessary that many Romans and Albans
be killed. 2. The Roman departed lest the Curiatii cap¬
ture him and kill him. 3. Although he was alone, the
Roman did not fear. 4. The Old Testament teaches that
the world was created by God. 5. After He made all
things, God rested on the seventh day. 6. The work of
God is still being done. 7. When Christ was born, a
great light came in the sky.

Scramble Exercise

HorAtius unus, cum Alios HorAtios duos interfecissent
CuriAtii, nihilominus pugnAre voluit. Quamquam enim
in perfculo sunt magno, boni RomAni fortes erunt sem¬
per. Ut Roma servarAtur, multi ex his fortibus et bonis
viris sunt mortui. Hac ergo in pugna, propter unius
RomAni virtutem, non sunt facti AlbAnis servi RomAni.
LibArtas enim Romae adhuc rAmanet.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA QUINTA

De subiunctivo passivo in tempore plusquamperfecto
De clausulis consecutivis

Sacer scriptor docet nos quod Deus omnia fecit. Narrationem suam
divisit in sex dies. Non est necesse credere quod sacer scriptor voluit dicere
omnia facta esse hoc ordine. Forsan in alio ordine omnia facta sunt. Sed
bonum est audire narrationem libri sacri. Dicit quod Deus fecit lucem in
die primo. Quid fecit in secundo die? Secundo die fecit firmamentum, id
est, coelum. Deus fecit firmamentum ut divideret aquas quae super firma¬
mentum erant ab aquis quae sub firmamento erant. Deinde Deus iussit
aquas, quae sub firmamento erant, colligi in locum unum. Et factum est
sicut Deus iusserat. Hoc modo terra facta est, et maria facta sunt. Deus
etiam iussit terram proferre herbas. Et terra profert herbas sicut Deus
iusserat. Haec facta sunt die tertio. Et Deus vidit omnia esse bona quae
fecerat.

Proximo die, id est, die quarto, Deus fecit solem et lunam, ut essent
signa dierum et temporum et annorum. Sed adhuc erant nulla animalia in
toto mundo. Quinto die ergo Deus fecit animalia in aquis, id est, pisces,
et fecit etiam aves. Hi omnes etiam boni erant, quia Deus fecit eos. Sexto
die Deus fecit animalia quae vivunt in terra. Sed adhuc homo non erat
factus. Deus dixit se velle facere hominem ad imaginem suam. Ergo fecit
hominem de limo terrae et inspiravit in faciem eius spiraculum vitae. Et
Deus vocavit hunc primum hominem Adam.

In lingua enim Hebraica, terra vocatur “adamah.” Sed primus homo
Adam factus est de “adamah.” Ergo nomen eius erat Adam. Sed adhuc
nullus alius homo erat in terra; Adam solus erat. Deus dixit: “Non est
bonum quod homo solus est.” Deus ergo fecit sociam pro Adam. Fecit
primam feminam, cuius nomen erat Eva. Deus posuit Adam et Evam in
paradiso. In paradiso habuerunt omnia bona quae voluerunt habere. Sed
Deus imperavit eis ne comederent de ligno scientiae boni et mali.

Indeclinable Names: Notice the name Adam in to¬
day’s story. The name Adam cannot be declined—it has
the same endings in every case. But the name Eva can
be declined. Soon we shall meet other indeclinable
names, such as Cain and Abel. But if we watch the way
they are used in the stories we can catch on easily;
there is no need to memorize any. Some names will be
declinable, but have unusual combinations; thus, we
will see the name Abraham, which has the following
forms: Abraham, Abrahae, Abrahae, Abraham, Abra¬
ham. But again, just watch how such names are used,
and they will cause no trouble.

Nunc Cogitemus

Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive: To form it is
simple: we merely use esset or essent (imperfect sub-

V OCABUL ARIUM

comedere, comedit,
comesus-ea/
imperare, avit, atus-
command
proferre, protulit,
prolatus-fcring forth
( present: profert,
proferunt —note ir-

pounds of the simple
verb ferre, to bear,
are thus )
deind e-then, next
sub -under (cases are
like in— obj. for mo¬
tion; abl. for rest)
tam -so

regularities. All com-

bona imago, imagine-image
lignum, o -wood
lingua, a-tongue, language
luna, a -moon

signum, o -sign, signal, standard
bonus sol, sole-sun

sub -under
deinde-then, next
pwitTie-bring forth
herba -vegetation
sol -sun
luna-moon
signum-s/gn
avis-bird
imago -image
\imus-slime
piscis -fish

inspiravit -breathed in
facies -face
spiraculum-breath
lingua -language
socia -companion
imperavit -ordered
comeder e-eat
lignum-wood, tree
scientia -knowledge

Circuluslatinus.org

junctive of esse) with the perfect passive participle.
Thus:

factus esset facti essent

Result (Consecutive) Clauses: The usual form in
English is:

He was so good that all loved him.

Tam bonus erat ut omnes amarent eum.

Notice that the English form does not use may or might
combinations, as purpose clauses do (but the negative
for result clauses is ut. . . non, not ne). Notice the word
so (tarn ) in the example—it does not always come in re¬
sult clauses, but is frequent. Or some similar expres¬
sion is often used. Another form often seen is this:

Accidit ut Caesar veniret in castra.

It happened that Caesar came to the camp.

Note here we have no word so, or anything like it—yet
it is clearly result. In case of doubt insert the words “so
that as a result”—if they fit, it is a result clause (but if
they do not fit, it still might be one, like the accidit ut
type).

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Cum omnia animalia facta essent, Deus hominem
creavit. Deus tarn bonus erat ut ad imaginem suam
hominem faceret. Sacra Scriptura dixit Deum fecisse
hominem ex limo terrae. Estne ergo verum quod Deus
manus duas habet, et limum ex terra accepit, et imagi¬
nem ex limo fecit et spfritum in eum inspiravit?

Sanctus Augustinus dixit quod Deus manus duas non
habet; Deus enim spiritus est. Et spiritus manus non
habet. Spiritus corpus non habet. Ergo, dicit Sanctus
Augustinus, necesse est dicere Deum re vera hominem
fecisse, sed non est necesse dicere Deum physice ( physi¬
cally ) fecisse imaginem ex limo et inspiravisse in imagi¬
nem ut homo fieret.

Sacer enim scriptor huius libri scripturae docere
voluit homines quod Deus hominem fecit. Similiter,
Deus feminam fecit, et earn ex primo homine fecit. Sed
non est necesse dicere Deum physice, manibus physicis,
fecisse haec omnia; Deus sicut iam dictum est, manus
physicas non habet. Deus enim spiritus est.

Quidam homines in his temporibus dicunt hominem
descendisse ex simio (ape). Estne hoc verum? Adhuc
non clarum est. Deus enim hoc modo hominem facere
poterat, si voluit. Deus permittere potuit ut corpus homi-
nis fieret ex corpore simii. Deinde spiritum inspirare in
hoc corpus simium potuit, ut homo fieret homo, habens
corpus animale, et animam (soul) spiritalem. Quidam
viri hodie putant quod iam probatum est hominem
venisse ex simio; sed veritatem non dicunt: possibile est,
sed nondum probatum est.

Verum est quod quidam homines agunt sicut simii
agunt. Hoc non probat hominem descendisse ex simio,
sed fere probat quosdam nondum descendisse.

English to Latin

1. Catiline was so bad that Cicero did not love him.

2. Caesar forgave Cicero, although he had fought
against him. 3. When all things had been made, God
saw that they were good. 4. God ordered the earth to
bring forth vegetation. 5. When the sun and moon had
been made, there were still no animals on the earth.

Scramble Exercise

Herbis die tertio creatis, die quarto solem et lunam fecit
Deus. Hos fecit ut in caelo essent, ut lucem toti darent
mundo. Multis itaque bonis creatis, nulla adhuc in mun-
dum venerat creatura quae Deum bona voluntate
amare posset. De terra ergo primum creavit Deus homi¬
nem; et e primo homine feminam. Quos in paradisum
deinde posuit Deus.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SEXTA

De subiunctivo activo et passivo in tempore praesenti

Cum creavfsset primos homines, Adam et Evam, Deus imper£vit eis ne
comederent de fructu ligni scientiae boni et mali. Hoc lignum stetit in
medio paradfso. Adam et Eva obediverunt Deo. Sed non semper obedive-
runt.

Quodam die, dtebolus venit ad Evam. Eva non erat cum Adam illo
tempore. Adam enim erat in £lia parte paradfsi. Eva non timuit didbolum.
Di&bolus enim venit ad earn in forma serpentis. Di£bolus ergo, sub forma
serpentis, locutus est cum Eva, et interrog&vit earn num Deus imperavisset
eis ne comederent ex omni ligno quod in paradfso erat. Eva respondit quod
licebat eis comedere ex omni ligno—sed non ex ligno sci6ntiae boni et mali.
Eva etiam dixit quod Deus promfserat eis mortem si non obedfrent. Dfa-
bolus defnde respondit: “Deus non dixit verit£tem. Deus enim novit quod
si homo comedet ex hoc ligno, fiet sicut Deus. Homo enim sciet bonum et
malum. Homo non morietur si comedet ex hoc ligno.”

Eva credidit di^bolo. Vidit enim fructum huius ligni esse pulchrum.
Accepit ergo de fructibus huius ligni et comedit. Defnde Eva dedit partem
huius fructus ad Adam. Adam 6tiam comedit. Sed di&bolus non dfxerat
verMtem. Adam et Eva non facti sunt sicut dei; re vera senserunt se esse
nudos, et timuerunt.

Audiverunt vocem Dei in paradfso. Deus voc£bat eos. Voce Dei audita,
Adam et Eva con&ti sunt abscondere se. Sed Deus invenit eos. Nihil enim
absconditum est a Deo. Deus interrog&vit eos ubi essent. Adam respondit
quod timebat cum nudus esset. (Continu&bitur)

obedfvit -obeyed

diibolus-dev/7

serpens-snafce

'mleTTOgkrt-question

num-whether

cr6didit-believed

fructus -fruit

sensit -felt

nudus -naked

vox-voice

abscondere-ZuTfe

V OCABULARIUM

abscondere, abscondit,

obedfre, obedfvit,

absconditus-/i/de

obedftus-ofrey ( with

credere, credidit,

dat.)

cr6ditus-6e//eve( Marfa sentfre, sensit, sensus-

credit Marco: Mary

feel, realize, perceive

believes Marcus.)

num-whether

interrogate, £vit, £tus-

di£bolus, o-devil

question, ask

magna vox, voc e-voice

Nunc Cogitemus

Present Subjunctive Active: Study these forms:

1 .

amet ament

teneat teneant

ponat ponant capiat c^piant audiat audiant

Notice that they all have the same -t and -nt as in the
indicative. But the vowels are different. Notice that the
first conjugation has e, while the others have a. The
verbs that have -iunt for the third present indicative,
keep the / in the subjunctive: -iat, -iant. But we would
not expect the e before the a in the second conjugation.
The easiest way is merely to memorize the above set of
forms.

Present Subjunctive Passive: Simply add -nr to the
above endings:

paretur parentur

habe£tur habe£ntur

pon£tur pon4ntur

capi4tur capi&ntur

Use of the Present Subjunctive: We have seen that
in dependent clauses, the imperfect and pluperfect sub¬
junctive appear only when the principal verb is in a past
tense. The present subjunctive appears only after a

Circuluslatinus.org

present or future tense of the main verb (there is only
one more tense of the subjunctive, the perfect, which we
shall see later—then there will be a pair, present and
perfect, when the main verb is present or future—and
another pair, imperfect and pluperfect, when the main
verb is in any past tense). But the present subjunctive
also has another use:

Hortatory Subjunctive:

Veniat— Let him come (or May he come.)

Audiatur —Let him be heard (or May he be heard).
Notice that this use is independent —it may be the main
verb. Remember the translations given above. It would
be good to memorize a pair of samples. If we need a
negative, it is ne : Ne veniant... Let them not come.

Indirect Questions: Notice this example from the
reading above:

Interrog&vit earn num Deus imperavisset....

He asked her whether God had ordered....

We call it an indirect question because of the question
word “Whether.” But we call it an indirect question,
because it does not ask a question—only reports (or sug¬
gests) one. But there is no problem about it; we mention
it merely to state that indirect questions most commonly
have the subjunctive. But sometimes a Late Latin writer
will use the indicative. Find another example in the
story above.

Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs:

sit

sint

possit

possint

velit

velint

nolit

nolint

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

In initio omnium rerum, Deus coelum et terram credvit.
Quo modo omnes res credvit? Deus locutus est. Deus
dixit: “Fiat terra.” Et terra facta est. Etiam iussit: “Fiat
lux.” Et lux facta est. Secundo die imperat ut sit firma-
mentum, id est, coelum. Et coelum factum est. Tertio
die Deus dixit: “Veniant aquae in unum locum, ne terra

semper sit in aquis.” Aquae ergo in unum locum vene-
runt, et fecerunt m&ria. Deus etiam dixit: “Proferat
terra herbas.” Et terra protulit herbas. Dixit etiam:
“Herbae fdciant fructus suos.” Et factum est. Etiam
imperat ut sol et luna sint in coelis, ut dies et nox divi-
dantur. Deus imperat aquis ut proferant pisces. Et pisces
in aquis coeperunt esse. Imperat ut aves fiant. Et factae
sunt.

Deus etiam primum hominem, cuius nomen erat
Adam, fecit. Etiam feminam, uxorem pro Adam, cre¬
dit. Nomen huius feminae erat Eva. Deus eos in para-
disum posuit. Permittit eis ut ex omni ligno paradisi
comedant, sed non permittit ut comedant ex ligno
scientiae boni et mali. Quodam ergo die didbolus ad
Evam in paradiso venit. Interrogat num permitt£tur eis
ut comedant ex omni ligno paradisi. Eva dicit quod
permittitur comedere ex omni ligno, sed non ex ligno
scientiae boni et mali, ne mori&ntur. Deinde di&bolus
dicit Deum verit&tem non dixisse. Sed Deus non potest
non dicere verit£tem. Di6bolus dicere id quod non
verum est potest. Id quod non verum est voc£tur “men-
dacium.” Et didbolus est pater mend&cii. Eva non
obedit Deo; comedit ex ligno scientiae. Adam idem
facit. Sed audiunt vocem Dei interrog&ntis eos ubi sint.
Voce Dei audita, timent respondere.

English to Latin

1. Let them obey God, lest they die. 2. The devil asks
whether they know good and evil. 3. He does not permit
them to eat it. 4. He asks why Adam and Eve are not
obeying God. 5. May they never (numquam) believe
the devil. 6. Let them not attempt to hide from God.
7. Let them not eat of the tree of knowledge of good
and evil.

Scramble Exercise

Primis hominibus iam credtis imperat Deus ne ex fructi-
bus ligni scientiae boni et mali comedant. Cum iussis
Dei obedirent Adam et Eva, in paradiso haWntes bona
multa remanserunt. Sed serpens qui olim ex coelis
superbia cecidisset eos tempt£vit. “Homines erunt sicut
dii,” dixit sub forma serpentis di&bolus.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De prima et secunda persona in subiunctivo activo

Adam et Eva non obediverant Deo. Propter hanc causam timuerunt, et
conati sunt abscondere se a Deo. Sed Deus ommpotens est; tanta est
potestas eius ut nulla creatura possit abscondere se a scientia Dei. Deus
ergo interrogavit Adam cur non obedivisset. Adam dixit quod femina
dederat ei malum, id est, fructum ligni scientiae boni et mali. Deus ergo
interrogavit feminam, id est, Evam, cur comedisset malum. Eva respondit
se comedisse propter serpen tern. Dixit enim serpen tern fefellisse ipsam.
Serpens enim dixerat: “Homo fiet sicut Deus si comedet de fructu huius
ligni scientiae boni et mali.”

Deus ergo expulit Adam et Evam ex paradiso. Sed promisit Redemp-
torem, id est Christum. “Ille Redemptor enim conteret caput serpentis.” Et
etiam quaedam femina promittitur a Deo, quae semper inimica erit ser-
penti. Haec femina est Virgo Maria, quae est mater Christi. Ergo Deus,
propter suam magnam misericordiam, dedit spem primis hominibus
etiam post peccatum originate.

Adam et Eva habuerunt multos filios et filias. Inter hos erant Cain et
Abel. Cain erat agricola, et labor eius erat in agris. Accepit multos fructus
terrae. Ex his fructibus, Cain offerebat sacrificia Deo. Abel autem erat
pastor. Abel ergo offerebat animalia Deo in sacrificiis. Probabfliter Abel
offerebat agnos. Sacrificia Abel placuerunt Deo. Sed sacrificia Cain non
placuerunt Deo. Cain ergo motus est ira.

Quodam die Cain rogavit Abel ut iret in agros secum. Abel ergo in agros
iit cum Cain. Sed cum essent soli in agris, Cain interfecit Abel. Deus ergo
vocavit Cain, et rogavit ubi Abel esset. Cain dixit se nescire. Sed Cain non
poterat fallere Deum. Cain ergo iit in exilium.

omnipotens -omnipotent
tantus-jo great
cur-why
malum -apple
ieieWit-deceive
conterer e-crush
virgo- virgin
mater-mother
spes (5th) -hope
agricola -farmer
offerr e-offer
pastor -herdsman
secum-CMwi se
nescire-no/ know

V OCABULARIUM

fallere, fefellit, falsus- bona mater, matr e-mother

deceive bonus pastor, pastore-

offerre, obtulit, oblatus- shepherd, herdsman

offer (compare tantus, a, um-so great, so

proferre in Lesson 45 ) large

bonus agricola, a -farmer bona virgo, \kgine-virgin,
malum, o -apple maiden

Nunc Cogitemus

Preview of all First and Second Person Active
Forms: It is very easy to learn to recognize the first
and second person active in indicative and subjunctive
forms except for the perfect indicative. There is a simple
set of personal endings. Learn these endings at once—

they have many uses. Learn first to recognize a form
when you see it in the book—gradually you will learn
to make forms. Here are the endings:

Singular Plural

1. m or o (/) mus (we)

2. s (you) tis (you)

3. t (He, she, it) nt (they)

Most of these endings merely substitute for the t of the
third singular. We shall see the application of these
endings a bit at a time, including the distinction of the
o and m in the first person (all but present indicative
and the future indicative of first and second conjugation
use m).

But now we apply the new endings to: all active sub¬
junctives: Here we merely take the third singular

Circuluslatinus.org

form, which we already know, and apply a magic stick,
thus:

Present

ame

mus

tis

Imperfect

amare

mus

tis

tenea

mus

tis

Pluperfect

amavisse

mus

tis

And so on for absolutely any active subjunctives, of all
tenses. Pretty simple!

Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs: It is really com¬
pletely regular. Just take the third singular— sit, possit,
velit, nolit —and use the above stick.

catum originate commiserunt. “Ante hoc peccatum,”
dixit Deus, “non erat necesse ut vos discederetis ex hac
vita per portas mortis, sed nunc mortem videbitis.”
Adam ergo interrogavit Deum, “Videbimus mortem,
quia peccavimus. Sed videbuntne etiam filii nostri four)
mortem?” Deus dixit, “Otique—et vos et filii vestri
debetis mori. Et nunc, discedatis ex paradiso.” Deus
etiam angelo magno imperavit ut staret ad portam ne
Adam et Eva possent rursus venire in paradisum. Deus
dixit angelo, “Stes in hoc loco, ne homines possint
venire in paradisum.”

Cain et Abel fuerunt filii Adam et Evae. Nati sunt in
primis diebus mundi. Sed etiam erant multi alii filii
Adam et Evae. Scriptura enim Sacra non dat nomina
omnium hominum qui in illis temporibus nati sunt.
Non enim necesse est ut omnia ilia nomina sciamus. Et
Scriptura id quod non necesse est non dicit. Sanctus
Augustinus dicit quod Sacra Scriptura vult ostendere
quod erant duae urbes; una est urbs Dei, id est, urbs
bonorum hominum, qui Deum amant. Sed altera urbs
est urbs huius mundi. In hac urbe sunt homines mali,
qui se ipsos plus quam ( more than) Deum amant. Sanc¬
tus Augustinus etiam multa alia de his duabus urbibus
dixit. Sed non est necesse ut omnia scribamus in hac
lectione.

Second Plural Pronoun: vos, vestrum, vobis, vos,
vobis (you, of you, to you, you, etc.) (The adjective is:
vester, vestra, vestrum —“your”—referring to more
than one person).

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Deus dixerat ad Adam et Evam: Ne comedatis ex
fructu ligni scientiae boni et mali. Sed Adam et Eva
Deo non obediverunt. Serpens Evam fefellit dicens, “Si
ex hoc ligno comedes, eris sicut Deus.” Et Eva fefellit
Adam. Deus ergo vocavit Adam et Evam, et dixit:
“Necesse est ut puniam vos.” Malum enim fecerunt non
obedientes Deo. Malum enim erat comedere malum ex
ligno scientiae boni et mali. Comedere malum non erat
malum in se, sed malum erat non obedire. Deus ergo
interrogavit: “Cur non obediebatis?” Adam dixit,
“Diabolus locutus est tarn bene (well) ut crederemus.”
Etiam Eva conata est excusare se. Sed excusationes non
erant bonae; peccatum committere non debuerunt. Pec-

English to Latin

1. He is sending you (plural) that you may capture
Catiline. 2. Since (cum) you had committed a sin, God
sent you out of paradise. 3. The devil speaks so well
that we believe him. 4. May you not believe the devil.
5. God’s power is so great that you cannot hide your¬
selves from Him. 6. Cain cries out with so loud a voice
that we hear him. 7. Since Abel was a shepherd, he
offered lambs.

Scramble Exercise

Dmnium qui nunc in terra vivunt hominum mater Eva
est, et pater Adam. Ut fierent sicut dii, Deo non obedi¬
verunt. Sed fefellit eos diabolus. Oblatum ab uxore
malum Adam comedit: quam propter causam a para-
dfso missi sunt. His factis, Deus adhuc eis misericordiam
dare volebat. Redemptor ltaque promittitur a Deo.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Adam et Eva habuerunt multos fflios et filias. Et filii eorum habuerunt
etiam multos filios et filias. Multi ex his vixerunt per annos plurimos. Sed
non omnes homines boni erant; plurimi erant mali, et pecc&ta multa com-
miserunt contra Deum. Illi homines erant magni corpore, sed parvi virtute.

Deus ergo irfitus est illis et voluit delere genus hum&num de terra.

Sed nihilominus unus homo erat qui placuit Deo. Ille homo vocabfitur
Noe. Noe erat vir iustus in omnibus operibus suis. Noe erat pater trium
filiorum. Nomina horum filiorum sunt: Sem, Cham, et Japheth. Sed quia
Noe erat iustus, et pl&cuit Deo, Deus non irfitus est ei, nec irfitus est ffliis
Noe propter Noe. Itaque Deus dixit Noe: “Finis universae carnis est in
mente mea. Omnes enim homines facti sunt pessimi. Necesse est ergo ut
deleam eos. Itaque magnum diluvium veniet super omnem terram. Omnes
homines delebuntur. Sed etiam omnia anim&lia in quibus est spiritus vitae
non iam vivent; omnia delebuntur diluvio.”

“Sed fac arcam tibi et ffliis tuis et uxoribus filiorum. Et due in arcam
animalia ex omnibus generibus animalium ut servfiri possint in area.’’ Noe
ergo fecit omnia quae Deus imperfiverat ei. Deinde Deus dixit ei: “Venias
in arcam cum ffliis tuis et cum omnibus animfilibus sicut imperfitum est
tibi. Post septem dies enim imber mfiximus veniet super omnem terram.

Et omnia anim&lia quae sunt super terram, insuper et omnes homines
delebuntur de terra.”

Noe ergo venit -in arcam, et cum eo venerunt tres filii eius, id est Sem,

Cham, et Japheth, et cum eis venerunt uxores eorum. Insuper venerunt in
arcam animalia omnis generis, sicut Deus imperfiverat Noe. (Continufi-
bitur eras)

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say: Let us ... eat, bring forth, believe,
obey, deceive? How do you say: Let me . . . eat, bring
forth, believe, obey, deceive? 2. How do you say, in
subjunctive: It is . . . commanded, hidden, asked
(interrogdre) , felt, not known? Make the same forms
plural. 3. How do you say, in subjunctive: You (both
singular and plural) . . . eat, command, believe, ques¬
tion, feel, deceive, say, do?

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

“Adam et Eva, vos tam mali erfitis ut peccfitum primum
committeretis. Vocfimus hoc peccfitum peccfitum origi¬
nate. Sed non debetis desper&re. Deus enim tantam
habet misericordiam ut vobis Redemptorem promittat.
Multi ex ffliis vestris mali erunt—non omnes, sed plu¬
rimi.” Inter eos, Cain interf6cit Abel, et filii filios inter-
fecerunt. Itaque tempore Noe, fere omnes homines mali

V OCABUL ARIUM

committere, commisit,
commissus-commif,
intrust

fac— imperative singular
(the form that gives a
command) of fficere
(The plural is regular,
as we shall see later.
There are four irregu¬
lar imperative singu¬
lars: die, due, fac,
fer. Last is from ferre,
bear, the simple verb
from which come
oU6rre and proferre).

irfisci, irfitus est -be angry
at (with dative —Maria

irfiscitur Marco: Mary
is angry at [with]
Marcus .)

bona caro, earn e-flesh,
meat

magnum corpus, corpore-
body

diluvium, o -flood, deluge
bonum genus, genere-
kind, race

bonus imber, imbr e-rain
mea mens, ment e-mind
(poss. pi. —mentium)
pessimus, a, urn-very bad,
worst

plurimus, a, um-very
many, most

plurimus-very many

commisit -committed

corpus -body

irfitus est-way angry

genus -race, kind

ezio-fiesh

mens -mind

p6ssimus-very evil

diluvium -flood

spmtus-breath

fac -make! (a command)

area -ark

tibi -for yourself

tuus -your

due -lead! (a command)
imber -rain

Circuluslatinus.org

erant. Noe et filii eius dixerunt: “Ne committ&mus pec-
c&tum. Deus bonus est. Ne faci&mus ea quae ille non
amat.” “Noe, Sacra Scriptura dicit vos esse iustos. Ergo
habetis omnes virtutes. Quando enim Sacra Scriptura
dicit hominem esse iustum, significat eum omnes habere
virtutes. Itaque in Scriptura ‘homo iustus’ hominem
bonum significat. Semper faci&mus omnia quae Deus
vult.”

Scriptura loquitur eodem modo de Sancto Ioseph,
qui erat pater putativus ( foster-father ) Christi. Scrip¬
tura dicit simpliciter ( simply ) quod Ioseph iustus erat,
et non est necesse ut &liud dicamus de eo.

Noe erat tarn iustus ut in area servar6tur. Deus dixit
ei, “Pecc&ta hominum tanta sunt ut necesse sit delere
eos.”

Quo modo f4ciet Deus diluvium? Magnos mittet im-
bres super omnem terram. Sed etiam f&ciet ut mare
super terram veniat. Hoc modo factum est diluvium
magnum. Omnia anim&lia deleta sunt hoc diluvio.
Suntne pisces deleti? Non, Deus enim dixit necesse esse
del6re omnia anim&lia in quibus est spiritus vitae. Sed
in piscibus non est spiritus vitae. Pisces sunt semper sub
aquis. Aqua pisces non delebit. Pisces aquam amant.

Audiamus de Amicis Veteribus

Sed non omnia anim&lia amant aquam. Quinque enim
porci dicunt, “Nullo modo am&mus aquam: lutum
{mud) am&mus.”“Sed amici! Nonne6tiam aquam am£-
tis? Quia sine aqua non potestis habere lutum.” Unus

ex porcis dixit, “Non dicimus quod am&mus aquam sim¬
pliciter—am&mus enim aquam solummodo quando in
terra est, ut lutum possimus ficere ex terra et aqua.” Sed
amici quinque non erant in diluvio. Nondum in hac vita
erant in illo tempore; Alii porci erant in hac vita in
tempore diluvii. Hi erant avunculi porcorum quinque.
Multi ex antiquis porcis del6ti sunt in diluvio—et mors
terribilis est porco deleri in aquis! Sed duo porci erant
in area, et non interfecti sunt.

English to Latin

1. Let us come into the ark. 2. God is so good that He
loves all men. 3. Christ is the Good Shepherd, and He
will die for the lambs. 4. The human race was so evil
that God was angry at them. 5. He sent great rains to
destroy them. 6. Let us make a ship for Noe and his
sons. 7. It happened that men were very bad in the days
of Noe.

Scramble Exercise

Vobis et filiis navem magnam, quae area erit, fac—ha«c
dixit Deus Noe. Cum enim p£ssima pecc&ta peccavis-
sent homines fere omnes, ut eos deleret, diluvium misit
Deus. E coelis magni ven6runt imbres et ex mari aquae
multae. Irascebfitur enim Deus ira nimia propter pessi-
morum hominum pecc&ta. Noe autem et filiis eius, Deus,
cum boni essent, misericordiam dedit.

Circuluslatinus.org

LECTIO QUADRAGESIMA NONA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo imperjecto
et plusquamperfecto

Cum Noe et fflii eius et uxores filiorum eius et anim^lia venissent in arcam,
Deus clausit portam arcae. Deinde Deus ap6ruit coelos, et misit imbres
magnos in terram. £tiam fontes maris rupti sunt et aquae maris ven6runt
super terram. Diluvium maximum factum est. Homines t6rriti sunt, et loca
aha invenire con£ti sunt ut ab aquis servar6ntur. Sed aquae magnae sem¬
per inven6runt homines. Et non potu6runt ev£dere. Noe autem et qui
cum eo erant, serv£ti sunt in area. Aqua venit 6tiam super montes altos.
Nemo hominum serv£tus est nisi ei qui in area erant cum Noe. £tiam
omnia anim£lia in quibus erat spiritus vitae interfecti sunt in aquis. Sed
anim£lia quae in area erant serv£ta sunt. Imbres et diluvium ven6runt
super terram per quadraginta dies. Et aquae ascend6runt super terram
centum et quinquaginta dies (150).

Deinde Deus recorditus est Noe et omnium qui cum eo erant in area.
Et Deus misit ventum super aquas. Post dies centum quinquaginta, aquae
coep6runt minui super terram. Deus 6tiam clausit fontes maris, et non
iam misit imbres de coelis. Et aquae rev6rsae sunt de terra, euntes et
redeuntes. In mense s6ptimo, in die vig6simo s6ptimo mensis, area re-
qui6vit super montes Arm6niae. In d6cimo mense, montes coep6runt
videri. Et post quadraginta dies, Noe ap6ruit fen6stram in area, et misit
corvum ex area. £tiam dimisit columbam ex area. Sed columba non in-
v6nit locum ubi requiesceret pes eius—columba ergo rev6rsa est ad Noe in
arcam. Sed post septem dies, Noe rursus dimisit columbam. Columba
rev6rsa est ferens ramum olivae. Noe ergo intell6xit quod poterat stare in
terra. Itaque venit ex area.

clausit -closed

aperuit -opened

ions-jountain

ruptus -broken

tenitus-terrified

altus-high

nisi -unless, except

ascendit-ro^e

recordatus-remembered

ventus-wmd

minnere-diminish

euntes -from ire

fenestra-window

corvus-roven

columba -dove

{erre-bear, bring

ramus-branch

oliva -olive, olive tree

intelleger e-understand

V OCABUL ARIUM

claudere, clausit,

rumpere, rupit, ruptus-

clausus-c/oje

break

ferre, tulit, latus-frear.

terr6re, t6rruit, t6rritus-

bring (forms like

terrify

prof6rre)

cur-why

recorded, record£tus

nisi -unless, except,

est-remember (with

if ... not

poss. case)

altus, a, um-high, deep

magnus fons, fonte (poss. pi- ium)

fountain, spring

ventus, o -wind

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person in Imperfect and Plu¬
perfect Indicative: To make these forms on all active

subjunctives, we use a magic stick. Now, for the imper¬
fect and pluperfect indicative, we stick to the same
stick—no trouble at all.

Imperfect

amaba

amavera

teneba

mus

tis

Pluperfect

tenuera

mus

tis

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And so on—for absolutely any imperfect or pluperfect
active indicative.

Second Singular Pronoun: tu, tui, tibi, te, te (you,
of you, to you, you, etc.).

Second Singular Adjective (to refer to only one
person’s possessions) : tuus, a, um (your).

First and Second Person of Irregular Verbs:
Completely regular in imperfect and pluperfect: Just
take the third singular forms—e rat, fuerat, poterat,
potuerat, volebat, nolebat, voluerat, noluerat—and use
the same stick as for any other verbs.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Deus interrogavit Adam, “Cur abscondebas te?” Et
Adam respondit, “Hoc faciebam quia timebam.” Sed
Adam etiam dicere coactus est quod malum comederat.
Dixit enim Evae, “Tu dabas mihi {to me) malum.” Et
Eva serpentem accusavit. Serpens autem alium accusare
non poterat—serpens erat diabolus ipse. “O Eva, quare
credebas diabolo?” “Quia diabolus dixit quod homo fiet
sicut Deus si ex hoc ligno comedet.” “Sed Eva, nonne
scire poteras quod diabolus id quod non verum est dicere
amat? Deus dixerat tibi, ‘Ne comedas ex hoc ligno.’
Semper facere debes id quod Deus tibi imperat. Deus
bonus est. Sed Deus Redemptorem tibi promittet. Nunc,
si facies id quod Deus imperabit, Deus tibi peccatum
tuum ignoscet. Ne alia peccata committas!”

Sed homines boni esse non amant. Itaque alter al-
terum interfecit, id est, Cain Abel interfecit. Cain enim
et Abel sacrificia Deo offerebant. Sed sacrificia Cain
Deo non placuerunt, sicut sacrificia Abel placuerunt.

Cain itaque dixit Deo, “Cur non amabas sacrificium
quod offerebam?” Et Deus dixit, “Quia tu non habebas
cor (heart) bonum.” His auditis, Cain rogavit Abel
venire in agros secum. Dixit, “Venias in agros mecum
(with me)." Et cum in agros venissent, et soli essent,
Cain interfecit Abel. Sed Cain sese abscondere non
poterat. Deus enim omnia videt. Deus ergo eum inter¬
rogavit, “Ubi est Abel?” Et Cain respondit, “Estne
necesse ut defendam Abel?” Et Deus dixit: “Putabas
quod nemo te videbat cum Abel interficeres—sed vide-
bam te. Deus enim semper omnia videt. Non licebat tibi
interficere Abel. Ergo—discedas ex hac terra! Sed ne
timeas. Nemo enim te interficiet. Accipies signum, ne
homo te interficiat.”

English to Latin

1. Why did you come into the fields with him? 2. He is
sending you in order that you may bring water. 3. Noe,
God commands you that you make an ark. 4. Let us
come into the ark with Noe. 5. Men were so evil that
they could not hear these words. 6. Noe, you were mak¬
ing a ship (so) that you might sail in it in the flood.
7. May you have many good things with you.

Scramble Exercise

Aquis magnis e coelo et mari venientibus super terram
omnem, multi homines locum in quo servari possent
invenfre conati sunt, nec poterant. Super omnes enim
montes venerunt magni aquae diluvii. Qui in area erant
servati sunt—ex aliis nemo. Post dies multos, Deus im-
bres non iam misit, et eorum qui cum Noe in area
erant recordatus est ut ex area eos duceret.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo perfecto

Cum aquae discessissent de terra, Noe et filii eius, et uxores filiorum eius
egressi sunt ex area. Sed etiam animalia egressa sunt. Et Noe fecit alt&re
Domino. Defnde acc6pit multa animalia ex eis quae fuerant in area secum
(omnia enim ilia animalia in quibus erat spiritus vitae interficta erant
diluvio)—et obtulit sacrificia Deo. Sacrificia Noe placuirunt Deo. Domi-
nus ergo promisit Noe quod numquam post illud tempus diluvium delibit
omnem terram et omnia viv6ntia quae in ea sunt. Deus etiam dedit signum
promissionis suae, “Verum est quod imbres venient de coelis. Sed ut
sciitis quod numquam diluvium delebit omnem terram, arcus meus erit in
coelis post imbres. Hoc modo scies Deum semper recorded promissionis
suae.”

Post diluvium, omnis terra habebat solummodo linguam unam. Sed cum
homines iter ficerent ad orientiles partes mundi, venirunt in terram
Senaar, et volu6runt remanere ibi. Coepirunt itaque aedificire turrem
miximam. Hi enim homines sup6rbi erant. Et Dominus desc6ndit ut
vidiret turrem et civititem quam aedificabant. Sed opera horum hominum
non placuirunt D»o—confidebant enim in se, et in potestite sua. Sed non
debuirunt confidere in se. Homo enim non est tam fortis ut possit vivere et
igere sine Domino. Propter hanc causam, opera horum non placu6runt
Deo. Itaque Deus punivit eos. Eff6cit ut unus homo non posset intelligere
<ilios homines. Mut^vit linguas #orum. Linguis mut^tis, magna confusio
erat in illo loco. Multae enim linguae audieb&ntur, sed nemo poterat alios
intelligere. Itaque homines discess6runt ex illo loco, et non iam volu6runt
aedific^re turrem.

egressus-^o out

altar e-altar

Dominus-Lord

numquam-never

arcus-Aow

TecoTd&ri-remember

turris -tower

civitas -city

cordidtTZ-trust

efficer c-bring about

m\iX.k\it<hanged

V OCABUL ARIUM

confidere, confisus est-
trust in (confidere is
half-deponent—that
is, all forms made
from the first part are

normal, others are
deponent )
[egrediuntur], gredi,
gressus est-go out
mutire, ivit, atus -efiange
numquam -never
magnum alt4re, i -altar
arcus, u -bow

magna civitas, cWxtkic-city, citizenship
dominus, o -lord, master
magna turris, i -tower

different magic stick. You already know amdvit and
amaverunt. The others are also easy to learn.

Now try any verb:

(I loved

amav

isti

imus

istis

erunt

have loved did love, etc.)

The Irregular Verbs: Use the same endings on: fuit,
potuit, voluit, noluit. (All irregular verbs are normal in
all forms made on their second and third parts).

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person of Perfect Indicative
Active: The perfect requires its own set of endings—a

First Plural Pronoun: nos, nostrum, nobis, nos,
nobis (Why ask permission of the five pigs for this
one?)

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First Plural Adjective: noster, nostra, nostrum —
our.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Quodam die magister in schola nos interrog&vit, “Ubi
est terra Senaar?” Diximus quod Senaar est in parte
orient&li mundi. Nover&mus enim quod non in Palestina
est. Hebraei in ilia terra (id est, in Palestina) erant. Sed
Senaar est ad orientem a Palestina: in Mesopotamia est.
“Sed dicas nobis quae sit signific4tio huius nominis
‘Mesopotamia.’ ” Mesopotamia est nomen Graecum. In
lingua Latina dicitur: In medio inter flumina. Haec est
significdtio nominis “Mesopotamia.” In Graeca enim
lingua, potamds est flumen et mesos est medius. Sed, ut
dicitur simpliciter, Senaar idem est ac (as) Bibylon.
“Nonne tu dixisti nobis, magister, quod Bibylon in
lingua Hebriica significat confusio?” Ctique, hoc dixi.
In Babylonia enim iccidit confusio linguirum. Sed in
lingua hominum qui in Babylonia erant, nomen “Biby-
lon” significat “porta Dei.” Itaque, quamquam Baby-
lonii (the Babylonians) urbem suam vocaverunt “porta
Dei,” Scriptura dicit quod melius est vocire earn “con¬
fusio,” propter confusionem linguirum. Re vera,
scriptor Sacrae Scripturae fecit lusum verborum (a play
on words).

“Estne necesse credere quod diluvium super totum

mundum venit—id est, etiam super Americam Septen-
trionilem et Meridionilem, et super Africam, et super
omnes Alias terras?” Homo potest credere quod hoc re
vera iccidit, si vult. Sed Sacra Scriptura hoc non dicit.
Scriptura enim dicit quod diluvium super totam terram
venit: et quaestio est; quid significat tota terra ? Forsan
tota terra significat solummodo totam terram Mesopo-
tdmiae. Hoc non certum est.

English to Latin

1. What did you do when the flood came? 2. We came
into the ark. 3. Why did you want to build that tower?
4. God is so good that you should trust Him. 5. We have
built an altar. 6. We have come to build the tower.
7. We asked why you had changed your plans.

Scramble Exercise

Noe, tu et filii tui Deo sacrificium offerdtis. Qui enim
omnes dlios in aquis delevit, te et tuos serv&vit. Ut
serv&ri possetis, tibi ut arcam fdceres imper&vit. In
quam cum venissetis, vos ab Omni periculo liber&vit
Deus. In »o confidatis in quo misericordia magna est.
Et cum videbitur in coelis arcus, in mentem veniat
vestram promissio, quam Deus vobis dedit.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA PRIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo praesenti

Diluvio fini'to, et turri Babylonica relicta, homines discesserunt in multas
terras. S«d memoria diluvii non ita terruit eos ut non committerent multa
peccata. Insuper facti sunt peiores quam fuerant ante diluvium. Sed Deus
promiserat quod numquam diluvium deleret omne genus humanum. Et
Deus semper veritatem dicit. Homines saepe dicunt hoc et faciunt illud,
sed Deus verus est.

Sed non omnes homines pessimi facti sunt. Quidam viri adhuc servi
Dei erant. Inter hos bonos viros erat Abram. Non clarum est in quo anno,
vel etiam in quo saeculo diluvium accidit. Quidam putant diluvium acci-
disse in millenario sexto vel quinto ante Christum. Alii putant id accidisse
in millenario tertio, sed non utile est putare de hac re; homo non potest
scire. Probabile autem est quod, Abram natus est in prima parte saeculi
vigesimi ante Christum. Abram habitavit in terra quae vocatur Chaldaea.
Abram natus erat in civitate cuius nomen erat Ur. Ur erat in parte meridio-
nali Babyloniae. Maiores Abram colebant multos deos; erant ergo poly-
theistae. Sed Abram ipse coluit solummodo unum Deum. Abram habuit
fratrem, cuius nomen erat Aran. Post mortem autem Aran, Abram dis-
cessit ex Ur, et venit in Haran. Pater enim Abram (cuius nomen erat
Thare) discessit ex Ur et cum eo venerunt Abram ipse, et uxor Abram
(quae erat Sara) et Lot, qui erat fiTius Aran.

In Haran etiam erant multi polytheistae. Ibi multi homines coluerunt
lunam. Putaverunt enim lunam esse deum, et vocaverunt lunam, in lingua
Babylonica, “Sin.” Erat magnum templum huius falsi dei “Sin” in Haran.
Sed Abram non coluit Sin. (Continuabitur)

finitus -ended
ita -so

peioT-worse
quam-than
vel -or

millenarium-a thousand years

utilis- useful

satis-sufficiently

habitavit-dwe//

maiores-ancestors

colere-worship

polytheisla-polytheist,

worshipper of many gods
luna -moon

VOCABULARIUM

finire, ivit, kus-finish
complete

habitare, avit, atus-
dwell, inhabit

quam-than

satis-sufficiently, very,
enough
vel -or, even

maiores, maioribus -ancestors (merely pi.

of maior in special sense)
peior, peius, peior e-worse

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person Indicative: It is easy to
make these forms, starting from the third singular,
which we already know. The easiest way is to make a
short stick, leaving out the first and last forms:

ama t

mus

tis

tene t

mus

tis

poni

capi

audi

mus

tis

mus

tis

All the forms we have just made are entirely regular,
and fit easily on the short stick.

Now we recall that we already know the bottom
forms for each line, that is, the third plurals:
amant tenent ponunt capiunt audiunt
So all we really have to learn today is just five words:
amo teneo pono capio audio
What are the meanings? For am&re they would be:
I love we love

you love you love

he loves they love

And of course, we can vary these forms just as we have
been doing for a long time. That is, besides “he loves”
we can say: “he does love, he is loving.” And so on with
other forms.

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First Singular Pronoun: ego, mei, mihi, me, me
(I, of me, to me, me, etc.)

First Singular Adjective: meus, a, um (my, mine)

Present Tense of Irregular Verbs: We shall save

these for a few lessons later, since we have to learn the

above forms—but, if anyone is curious, here are some:

sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt

volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt

nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Deus vocavit Cain, “Quid facis Cain?” Cain dixit,
“Nihil facio. Quid mihi imperas ut faciam?” Deus dixit,
“Tu fratrem tuum Abel interferisti. Cur fecisti hoc?
Ego interficere te non volo, sed necesse est ut te puniam.
Mitto ergo te in exsilium.”

Sed postquam omnes homines pessimi facti sunt,
Deus etiam Noe vocavit. Noe enim vir iustus erat, quam-
quam fere omnes alii pessimi facti sunt. Noe Deo dixit,
“Faciam (/ will do) omnia quae iubes. Quid ergo facere
debeo?” Et Deus dixit, “Debes arcam facere. Due (lead)
in hanc arcam animalia ex omnibus generibus anima-
lium quae in terra sunt et in se spiritum vitae habent.”
Noe ergo narravit haec omnia flliis suis. Dixit enim,
“Deus mihi imperavit ut arcam facerem. Vos etiam mihi
auxilium dare debetis, ut in area servari possitis. Venia-
tis mecum, ut materiam colligamus.” Noe ergo fecit

arcam, et in arcam ingressus est. Et imber maximus
super omnem terram venit per dies quadraginta et noc-
tes quadraginta. Et Noe dixit, “Magnos videmus imbres,
et diluvium! Deus meus, bonus es (you are). Me et meos
in area hac servavisti.” Et post diluvium Deus dixit,
“Pono arcum meum in coelis, ut scire possitis quod
semper in memoria habeo promissionem meam. Num-
quam delebo omnes homines aquis diluvii. Verum est
quod homines mali fient, sed alio modo punientur, et
non per aliud diluvium.”

English to Latin

1. I am sending a messenger in order that you may
know the truth. 2. Are you coming with me? 3. I now
have the name “Abram”—but God will change my
name, He will call me “Abraham.” 4. I dwell in Egypt
but I do not know the gods of Egypt. 5. This land is
so good that we will not depart. 6. Our ancestors had
many gods, but we have the one true God. 7. We did not
finish the tower.

Scramble Exercise

Deus dixit, “Ego omnia quae in hoc mundo sunt feci.
Volebam omnibus hominibus per Adam et Evam qui
homines primi erant dare multa bona. Vos autem non
permisistis mihi ut ea quae volueram facerem. Peccatis
vestris pessimis necesse est ut, cum amem vos, vos
puniam. Nihilominus autem, misericordia mea magna
vobis Redemptor dabitur.”

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SECUNDA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Difficile est bonus esse inter malos. Sed Abram, cum esset in m6dio tarn
multorum polytheist&rum, adhuc col6bat solum Deum verum. Et Deus
locutus est ei, et dixit: Abram, volo ut disc6das ex hac terra tua, et de
domo patris tui, et v6nias in 41iam terram, quae ostend6tur tibi. Volo enim
fdcere te in gentem magnam, et benedfcere tibi, et f&cere nomen tuum
magnum. Abram ltaque egr6ssus est ex terra Haran sicut Dominus
imper^verat ei. Lot venit cum eo. Abram erat vir septuaginta quinque
annorum cum egreder6tur de Haran. Etiam Sara, uxor Abram, venit cum
eis. Vendrunt in terram Chfinaan. Sed Deus iterum app^ruit Abram et
dixit ei: Omnis terra haec erit tua. Et Abram aedific4vit ibi alt&re Domino
qui apparuerat ei. Sed Abram non remdnsit in terra ilia. Fames enim erat
ibi. Desc6ndit ltaque in Aeg^ptum.

Sed Abram non semper remdnsit in Aeg^pto. Reversus est in terram
Chinaan. Lot 6tiam venit cum Abram ex Aeg^pto. Et Lot et Abram facti
sunt valde divites. Habudrunt multos agnos et multa ilia. Terra non poterat
tenure omnes possessiones eorum. Abram ergo dixit ad Lot, “Ecce, uni-
v6rsa terra est coram te. Eligas partem terrae tibi. Si tu iligis unam partem,
ego accipiam ilteram.” Lot ltaque vidit terram quae erat circa Iordinem
esse bonam, et habit&vit ibi. In illis enim diibus, terra quae est circa
Sodoma et Gomorrham valde bona erat multis fructibus. Dominus enim
adhuc non deliverat illas urbes. Lot fecit domum suam in Sodomis. Sed
homines Sodomitae erant p&simi.

Et Deus appiruit iterum Abram et dixit ei, “Vides omnes Stellas quae in
coelo sunt? Postiritas tua erit maior numero quam stellae.” Et Abram
crididit Deo. (Continuibitur eras)

polytheista-polytheist
coler e-worship
volo-/ wish
gens-people
benedicere-b/ew
iterum-a^am
app&ruit -appeared
fames -famine
valde-very
dives-n'c/i
ecce-behold
eligere-choose
cuca-about
Sodoma, is -Sodom
Stella -star

VOCABULARIUM

apparere, appiruit, iterum -again

appiritus -appear valde-very

ecce-behold

dives, divite-n'c/i ( poss. pi. -um )
magna fames, fame-hunger, famine

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say in the subjunctive (both singular
and plural): you open, you were opening, you had
opened. Give the same forms for: rumpere, terrire,
mutdre. 2. How do you say in the indicative: I open, I
was opening, I will open, I have opened, I had opened.
Now, do the same with: claudere, finire, rumpere,

mutdre. Give also all the “we” forms. 3. Make all the
indicative forms in number 2 (above) subjunctive
(omit: I have opened). 4. Summarize the rules for form¬
ing the first and second person in all tenses of the sub¬
junctive. Make up a rule for as many indicatives as you
can.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Abram, quid facis nunc? “Multas res paro ut disc6dam
ex hac terra. Deus enim mihi locutus est.” Quid dixit tibi
Deus? “Mihi imperivit ut ex hac terra mea disc6dam
cum omnibus possessionibus meis. ltaque relfnquimus
omnia quae portiri (to be carried) non possunt.” Cur
vult Deus ut hoc facifitis? “Deus mihi causam non dixit,
sed eum interrogate nolui. Satis est mihi ut sciam Deum
locutum esse. Si ille iubet, nos non interrog&re, sed
obedire debemus. Sed Deus 6tiam magnam dedit mihi

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promissionem. Faciet me in gentem magnam.” Sed
Abram, non iam es (you are ) adulescens (young man).
Nonne multos annos habes? “Non multos—solummodo
septuaginta quinque annos h&beo. Sed, sicut iam dixi,
non debemus consider£re difficulties quando Deus
nobis imperat; si ille imperat, etiam potestiem nobis
dabit ut omnia quae iubet faciamus.” In quam terram
discedis? “In Palestinam.” Et ubi est Palestina? “Est ad
occidentem a terra hac. Ilia terra bona nobis erit, quia
Deus illam nobis dabit.”

Pauca de Civitate Dei

Sanctus Augustinus scripsit de duabus civitiibus. Dixit
haec: Duo amores aedificaverunt duas civit&tes. Unus
amor est amor Dei. Hie amor fecit civitatem Dei. Alter
amor est amor sui. Hie amor fecit civitatem huius
mundi. Cives civitatis Dei non confidunt in se ipsis; con-
fidunt in Deo. Exspectant auxilium ab eo. Sed cives
civitdtis huius mundi confidunt in potest&te sua, et
navibus, et in exercitibus magnis. Non exspectant

auxilium a Deo. Amant res tempories, et res aeternas
negligunt.

English to Latin

1. We are leaving this land because there is a famine
in it. 2. Although my ancestors thought there were many
gods, I know that there is only one God. 3.1 have built
an altar in this place because God appeared to me. 4. The
famine was so great that many men died. 5. God has
told me that the Hebrews will become great. 6. He is so
rich that no one loves him. 7. Do you see the stars?
Your sons will be greater in number.

Scramble Exercise

Vir bonus Abram, cum inter multos polytheistas esset,
visionem vidit, in qua ei apparuit Deus ut ex terra sua
discederet. Ille, ut obediret Dei iussis, venit in Ch£naan.
Propter famem autem in Aegyptum venit, terram in qua
dei multi et falsi ab hominibus esse putabantur. Ille
autem unum, qui verus Deus est, qui etiam apparuerat
ei, am4bat.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA TERTIA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo juturo
De imperativo activo

Quodam die Abram audivit quod quattuor reges cepissent Lot. Abram
ergo collegit omnes servos suos, et secutus est illos reges. Hoc modo salvavit
Lot. Post haec, Melchisedech, qui erat rex Salem venit ad Abram.
Melchisedech erat sacerdos Dei. Itaque obtulit sacrificium Deo. In hoc
sacrificio offerebat panem et vinum. Hoc modo praefigurabat sacrificium
Missae.

Post haec, Deus iterum apparuit Abram, et mutavit nomen eius. Dixit,
“Nomen tuum non iam erit Abram, sed Abraham. Quia volo facere te
patrem multarum gentium. Iubeo te circumcidere omnes pueros in die
octavo post nativitatem eorum. Haec circumcisio erit signum foederis inter
me et te. Insuper, tu et Sara uxor tua habebitis filium, et vocabitis nomen
eius Isaac.”

Cum Abraham habitaret in Mambre, Deus ipse cum duobus angelis
venerunt ad eum in forma humana. Abraham accepit eos in domum suam.
Postea Deus discessit, et Abraham secutus est eum. Duo angeli ierunt in
Sodoma, sed Dominus remansit cum Abraham, et dixit ei, “Homines qui
in Sodomis habitant pessimi facti sunt. Necesse est ergo delere eos et
civitatem eorum.” Abraham autem non amavit peccata, sed amavit amicos
suos, quorum multi habitabant in Sodomis. Ergo rogavit Dominum dicens:
“Domine, si quinquaginta viri iusti invenientur in Sodomis, parces civitati
illi?” Et Dominus respondit: “Si in Sodomis invenientur quinquaginta viri
iusti, eorum causa non delebo (/ will not destroy ) hanc civitatem.”
Abraham ergo iterum rogavit Dominum dicens: “Domine, si in ilia civitate
invenientur quadraginta quinque iusti, parces civitati?” Et Dominus
iterum dedit ei petitionem eius. Abraham itaque perseverabat rogans in
hoc modo. Oltimo Dominus dixit: “Si solummodo decern iusti invenientur,
non delebo Sodoma.” (Continuabitur eras)

salvare-Mve

sacerdos-pr/esr

panis -bread

vinum-w/ne

gens -people, nation

ciTcumcidtre-circumcise

ioedus-covenant

ierunt -went

Domine-Lord ( vocative form )
parcere-spare
causa -for the sake of
(with poss .)
petitio-request
perse verir e-con t/n
ultimo-finally

VOCABULARIUM

circumcidere, cidit, perseverare, avit, atus-

cisus -circumcise continue, persevere

parcere, pepercit, causa-/or sake of

parcitus (or parsus)- ( with poss.)
spare (takes dat. case ) ultimo-or last
Abraham-po^. and dat. are

Abrahae, other forms: Abraham
bonus panis, z-bread
bonus sacerdos, dot z-priest

lar which we already know. The easiest way is to use a
short stick (as we did in Lesson 51), leaving out the
first and last forms:

amabi t

mus

tis

tenebi t

mus

tis

ponet

mus

tis

capie t

mus

tis

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person Future Indicative: It is
easy to make these forms, starting from the third singu-

audie t

mus

tis

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All the forms we have just made are entirely regular,
and fit easily on the short stick.

Now we recall that we already know the bottom
forms for each line, that is, the third plurals:

amabunt tenebunt ponent capient audient
So all we really have to learn today is just five words:

amabo tenebo ponam capiam audiam
What are the meanings? For amdre they would be:

I shall love we shall love
you will love you will love
he will love they will love

And of course, we can vary these forms just as we have
been doing for a long time. That is, besides “he will
love” we can say: “he will be loving.” And so on with
other forms.

Imperative Active: The imperative is the form that
gives a command. It is easy to make; merely remove the
letters -re from the present active infinitive, thus: para
habe pone cape (the iunt verbs are not odd here) audi.

The plural is almost as easy—except in the third con¬
jugation, just add -te to the imperative singular:

parate habete audfte
But in the third conjugation we get not ponete but
pon/te, cap/te.

How do we translate it? It merely gives a command:
prepare! have! put! seize! hear!

Negative:

Suppose we want to say: “Don’t do it!” That is, use a
negative with the imperative. Sometimes (but rarely)
ne is used: ne pardte. But ordinarily, Latin will talk
around a negative, by using the imperative of nolle (be
unwilling) followed by an infinitive. Thus:
nolfte venire

be unwilling to come—don’t come
Commands:

The singular of nolite is, of course, noli.

The hortatory subjunctive with ne is about the same
as a negative command:

Ne faciat—Let him not do it.

Ne facias—May you not do it.

This seems like a “mild” command.

Un-scramble Exercise: We have now seen some
forms that are very similar. But they are easy to keep
unscrambled if we take a close look at them lined up one
under the other, e.g.:

petimus—we ask
petemus—we will ask
petamus—let us ask.

For practice, make a similar list for each of these verbs:
dfcere, ponere, claudere, rumpere, mittere. It will help
too if we make them not only for we forms, but also for
forms to mean: 1 , you (singular and plural), he, they.
Notice especially what happens in the cdpiunt type verbs
in the forms that mean / and they (test it out on fdcere
and accipere).

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Dominus Abraham vocavit ad se et dixit, “Veni ad me,
Abraham. Tibi explicabo hanc rem. Olim totum delevi
mundum diluvio quia homines omnes pessimi facti sunt.
Sed etiam illo tempore familiam unam servavi, id est,
Noe et fflios eius, et uxores filiorum eius. Noe enim fuit
iustus coram me. Nunc in Sodomis et Gomorrha lterum
fere omnes homines pessimi facti sunt. Et tu Abraham
rogabis me ut illi civitati parcam (spare)? Sed nihilo-
minus, hoc re vera faciam si numerus sufficiens homi-
num iustorum in ea invenientur.” Abraham ltaque dixit,
“Rogo te, Domine, ut dicas mihi: Quot (how many )
homines dices satis esse?” Et Dominus respondit ei, “Si
quinquaginta iustos ibi inveniam, civitates illas non
delebo.” Sed quinquaginta iusti non sunt inventi. Abra¬
ham autem perseverabat rogans Dominum. Ultimo Do¬
minus promfsit ei: “Si inveniam decern iustos, urbes illas
servabo.” Sed etiam decern non inventi sunt.

Ubi erant hae urbes? In parte meridionali Palestfnae
erant. Sed nunc in illo loco est Mare Mortuum. Deus
enim non solum Sodoma, sed etiam Gomorrham delevit,
propter peccata maxima quae homines in illis urbibus
faciebant. Multis aliis temporibus Deus punivit homi¬
nes propter peccata. Saepe Hebraeos punivit, sed ignem
de coelis non misit in urbes eorum. Alias gentes misit ut
contra eos pugnarent exercitibus magnis. Exempli
causa, Assyrios et Babylonios misit. Assyrii erant gens
(nation) fortis in bello. Omnes homines terrebantur
cum Assyrios viderent. Non enim poterant stare contra
eos. Assyrii autem non omnes Iudaeos interfecerunt;
quosdam in pugnis interfecerunt, sed alios e terra eorum
in Assyriam portaverunt (carried). Sed Iudaei in terra
nova noluerunt habitare. Assyriam non amaverunt.
Assyrii autem eos non dimiserunt ut in terram Israel
redirent.

Bugs Lepus

Duo operarii (laborers) cenam (dinner) comedebant.
Panem et cames habebant. Unus ad alterum locutus est,

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“Uxor mea carnes bonas mihi dat semper.” Et alter
interrogavit, “Quales {what kind) carnes habes?” Cui
primus operarius respondit: “Uxor mea capit lepores
( rabbits ) in nocte.” “Sed quo modo potest uxor tua
lepores videre in tenebris ( darkness )?” “Non potest eos
videre, sed potest eos audire cum exclamant.” “Ilia po¬
test audire lepores! Sed lepores nihil dicunt!” “Sed hi
lepores re vera exclamant—dicunt enim: meow, meow.”

English to Latin

1. Abraham, I will not spare that city. 2. I have spoken,
and I will do all that I said. 3. Put your hand on the altar
and promise that you will do all that I will ask you.

4. We will circumcise our sons because God commands
it. 5. For the sake of Abraham, God will spare the
Hebrews. 6. I will continue asking God to spare that
city. Come with us and we will ask God to give us help.

Scramble Exercise

Lot capto, Abram exercitum ex servis fecit suis ut contra
quattuor reges pugnaret. Quam post victoriam, Mel-
chisedech vini et panis sacrificium obtulit. Abrahae
habitSnti in Mambre, duobus cum angelis apparuit
Deus. Cui necesse esse delere Sodoma, pessima propter
peccata dixit Deus. Abraham autem Deum rogare perse-
veravit ne illam deleret urbem.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA QUARTA

De prima et secunda persona in verbis: velle, nolle, et ire

Sed decern iusti non inventi sunt in Sodomis. Itaque duo angeli missi sunt
ut destruerent Sodoma. Sed primum venerunt ad Lot. Lot sedebat ad por-
tam civitatis. Angeli dixerunt ei, “Surge, discede ab hoc loco, Dominus
enim destruet ilium.” Ilia nocte, Lot venit ad duos iuvenes qui voluerunt
ducere filias Lot in matrimonium et dixit eis, “Dominus destruet hanc
urbem, propter peccata multa turpia quae homines in ea committunt.”
Sed illi iuvenes noluerunt credere Lot, et putabant eum iocari.

Mane angeli iterum venerunt ad Lot, et monebant eum ut statim
discederet ne periret cum ilia turpi civitate. Dixerunt, “Uxor tua veniat
tecum, et etiam duae filiae tuae exeant.” Sed Lot adhuc morabatur, ita ut
necesse esset ducere eum manu, quasi contra voluntatem eius. Angeli ergo
duxerunt Lot et familiam eius e Sodomis, et monuerunt eos ne respfcerent
post se. Dixerunt, “Nolite respfcere. Si enim hoc facietis, moriemini (you
will die)." Uxor Lot erat curiosa—volebat videre quid Dominus faceret
illi civitati. Respexit itaque, et statim conversa est in statuam salis.

Deus misit ignem et sulphur de coelis et destruxit Sodoma et Gomor-
rham. Locus harum urbium nunc est sub Mari Mortuo. Id quod accidit his
civitatibus debet monere omnes homines ne peccata committant contra
Deum. Quamquam enim Deus non semper punit peccata in hac vita, certe
puniet ea in futura vita.

destniere-destroy
pnmum-first
seder e-sit
surgere-me
iuvenis->OM//r
turpis -shameful
iocari-to joke
man t-in morning
penre-perish
exir e-go out
morari-delay
ita -so
quasi-as if
voluntas-w/7/
respicere-iooit back
conversus -turned
sal -salt

ccite-certainly

VOCABULARIUM

Today we take it a bit easy, since we have had
many new forms lately. We will merely apply the
new forms to three somewhat irregular verbs: velle,
nolle, ire.

Velle and Nolle: We already know all the third
person forms of these verbs. To refresh memories:

Indicative

Imperfect Future Perfect

volebat volet voluit

nolebat nolet noluit

Subjunctive

Present Imperfect

velit vellet

nolit nollet

The perfect indicative has its special set of endings,
like other perfects: i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt.

The other forms given above just use the magic stick:

Except that the first singular future turns
mus out to be -am (not -em ).

I (It is just like a future of third conjugation.)

That means we now have to pick up only the present

indicative ! Here it is:

volo

volumus

vis

vultis

vult

volunt

nolo

nolumus

non vis

non vultis

non vult

nolunt

We do have the normal present indicative endings :
o, s, t, mus, tis, nt —but they are attached in strange
ways. We would have no trouble in recognizing these
forms—to make them, there is no way out but to
memorize.

Circuluslatinus.org

Ire: In Lesson 40, in the vocabulary, we learned the
third person indicatives of this verb:

Present: it, eunt
Imperfect: ibat, ibant
Future: ibit, ibunt

The imperfect and future will run just like any
other -bat and -bit imperfects and futures. But the
present needs just a bit of attention:

Ego eo Nos imus

Tu is Vos itis

Is it Ei eunt

Almost like endings looking around for something
to end! The subjunctive starts out with earn —and
then uses the familiar stick:

ea t

mus

tis

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Hodie fabulam le'gamus de Graecia. In Graecia erant
quaedam loca quae oracula vocabantur. In his locis falsi
dei videbantur responsa dare quaestionibus. Sed re-
sponsa saepe erant nullo modo clara. Erant ambigua.

Quidam adulescens ( young man) Graecus—voce-
mus eum Philippum—qui in Phocia habitabat, ad bel-
lum vocatus est. Quae cum audivisset ad amicum suum
Platonem locutus est Philippus, “Plato, civitas mea ad
bellum vocat, sed nolo ire. Numquam vidi bona venire
ex bello. Insuper, mortem timeo. Nondum multos annos
habeo, et celeriter mori non volo.”

His verbis auditis, Plato amico suo Philippo dixit, “Si
vis veritatem de hac re cum certitiidine audire, consilium

dabo ( from dare) tibi. Urbs clara est in Graecia; Delphi
vocatur. In hac urbe est oraculum ( oracle ) magnum in
quo deus Apollo ( nominative case ) responsa dat peten-
tibus (to those who ask). Si ad hoc oraculum ibis, et
Apollini (dative) sacrificia offeres, scio quod deus tibi
responsum de hoc bello dabit.

Gratias egit (thanked) Platoni Philippus, et in viam
suam ibat ad oraculum clarum Apollinis. Iter non erat
longum ex domo Philippi. Cum ad oraculum venisset,
peciiniam sacerdotibus dedit suam, “Volo hoc scire: ibo
ad bellum? Et si hoc faciam, redibo (return—a com¬
pound of ire: redire) sine iniuria?”

Vox mysteriosa ex oraculo venit. Philippus non
potuit intellegere (understand) —quaedam enim femina
quae Pythia vocabatur locuta est, sed sacerdotes de-
derunt ei interpretationem. Et hoc erat responsum, “Ibis
redibis numquam peribis in armis.”

Et nunc, quid putamus? Quid dicit oraculum? Morie-
tur Philippus?

English to Latin

1. We are going to Rome to see Caesar. 2. We do not
want to hear Cicero. 3. You want to know whether
you will return. 4. We will go lest the fire destroy us.
5. Let us arise and go quickly lest we perish. 6. That
which God wills is certainly (certe) good for us. 7. We
certainly will not remain here.

Scramble Exercise

Decern iustis in Sodomis non inventis, a Deo missi sunt
ut illam urbem destruerent duo angeli. Quibus loquenti-
bus de destructione urbis. Lot credidit. Huic autem duo
iiivenes qui in matrimonium filias Lot ducere voluerunt
credere noluerunt. Lot enim dixit illis, “Evadamus nos
ex ruina urbis huius ne pereamus omnes cum viris
peccatoribus.”

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA QUINTA

Iterum videamus formas novas activas

Deus promiserat Abrahae quod faceret eum in gentem magnam. Ut
impleret hanc promissionem, Deus dedit ei puerum, cuius nomen erat
Isaac. Abraham ipse erat centum annorum quando Isaac natus est.
Abraham ergo amavit Isaac multum, quia putabat quod Deus impleret
promissionem suam per Isaac. Secundum foedus quod fecerat cum Deo,
Abraham circumcidit puerum octavo die post nativitatem eius.

Sed quodam die Deus vocavit Abraham. Voluit enim videre num Abra¬
ham amaret filium suum plus quam Deum. Itaque Deus dixit, “Abraham,
Abraham.” Ille respondit, “Adsum Domine.” Et Deus dixit illi, “Tolle
filium tuum quern amas, Isaac, et offeres eum in holocaustum super unum
montium quern monstrabo tibi.”

Abraham ergo surrexit et paravit omnia quae necessaria erant ad hoc
sacrificium. Isaac fecit iter cum patre suo Abraham. Et fecerunt iter per
tres dies. Et die tertio viderunt montem quern Deus monstraverat. Abra¬
ham ergo imperavit servis suis ut remanerent in quodam loco. Ipse et
puer Isaac ascenderunt. Isaac portabat ligna pro holocausto. Abraham
ipse portabat ignem et gladium. Et cum iter facerent, Isaac interrogavit
patrem suum, “Pater, habemus ligna, ignem, et gladium, sed ubi est
victima pro holocausto?” Cui Abraham respondit, “Ne timeas, fili mi,
Deus ipse dabit victimam pro holocausto.” Cum venissent ad locum sacri-
ficii, Abraham tenuit et ligavit Isaac, et posuit eum super ligna. Et
extendens manum, paratus erat interficere puerum suum. Sed antequam
posset tangere filium gladio, ecce, angelus vocavit eum et dixit, Abraham,
ne extendas manum tuam in filium tuum. Nunc enim novi quod times
Deum, et non pepercisti filio tuo propter Deum.” Abraham ergo respexit
post se, et vidit arietem. Hunc cepit, et obtulit in holocaustum pro puero
suo. Deus iterum locutus est ei, “Quia fecisti hanc rem, et non pepercisti
filio tuo, benedicam tibi, et faciam te in gentem magnam, et omnes gentes
terrae benedicentur in te, quia obedivisti voci meae.”

gens -nation
implere-/!//

secundum -according to

foedus -covenant

plus -more

toller e-take

adsum-/ am here

monstrare-s/jow

surrexit-aroje

fili mi-my son

Yigk\'\t-bound

extendere-ejctend

antequam -before

tangere-towc/j

khts-ram

benedicere-/>/ew

V OCABUL ARIUM

adesse, adfuit, tollere, sustulit, sublatus-

*adfuturus-6e present remove, take, lift,

ligare, avit, atus -bind raise

tangere, tetigit, tactus- secundum ( with obj .)-
touch according to

plus, plure ( has only neuter form
in sing. pi. is: plures, plura—
two termination type, with -ium
poss. pi.)-more

Videamus Formas Veteres in Persona 1‘ et 2*

We can now sum up the first and second person active
forms:

1. The perfect indicative has its own endings: i, isti,

it, imus, istis, erunt.

2. All active subjunctives and imperfect and plu¬

perfect indicatives—
use the stick:

mus

tis

3. Present and Future Indicative: Use the short
stick for both present and future (that is, the stick
covers all but first and last forms). For example:
s s

am a t

amabi t

mus

tis

mus

tis

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Then recall the third plurals we learned long ago:
amant, tenent, ponunt, capiunt, audiunt. Finally, we
add the first singulars: amo, teneo, pono, capio, audio.
In general, then, for all actives except the perfect indi¬
cative, we have: o or m, s, t, mus, tis, nt (o for present
indicative and future of conjugations one and two—
otherwise m).

Practice : 1. Give the second singular active of all
tenses of indicative and subjunctive of: habitare, tenere,
mittere, rapere, scire.

2. Give the first singular active of all tenses of indi¬
cative and subjunctive of the same verbs.

3. Do the same with the first plural on your own list
of verbs. Be sure to use the tape for this lesson!

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

“Cur vis interficere me?” rogavit Isaac. “Hodie enim
tecum egressus sum ut sacrificium Deo offerrem, sed
nescivi quod ipse deberem sacrificium esse. Estne re vera
bonum ut hoc fiat? Nonne satis est animalia offerre?”
Cui Abraham respondit, “Deus mihi imperavit ut te in
{for a) holocaustum offerrem, fili mi. Verum est quod
Deus mihi magnam promissionem fecit dicens, ‘Faciam
te in gentem magnam,’—et videtur mihi quod promissio
debet per te impleri. Sed confidere Deo debemus. Omnia
enim quae file promisit certe nobis venient. Deus enim
non solum verus est, sed est Veritas ipsa. Itaque, fili mi,
confidamus in eo. Quamquam enim te interficiam—
Deus facere potest ut a mortuis surgas. Ipse est Dominus
vitae et mortis, et nihil est difficile ei. Debemus semper
dicere: Fiat voluntas (will) eius.”

Sed hoc modo Deus voluit tentare (try) Abraham.

Non enim re vera voluit Deus sacrificium humanum.
Deus enim sacrificia humana prohibet. Et Deus non
tentavit Abraham quia ipse (id est, Deus) nesciret vir-
tutem Abrahae. Deus enim omnia novit, et nihil potest
ab eo abscondi. Sed, haec imperans, Deus monstrare
voluit omnibus nobis magnum exemplum fidei (of faith)
et obedientiae. Abraham vocatus est “Pater omnium
credentium,” id est, pater omnium hominum qui credunt
Deo. In hoc sensu Deus promisit Abrahae, “In te bene-
dicentur omnes gentes.” Non autem necesse est ut homo
sit filius Abrahae secundum camem, id est, utsit Iudaeus
nativitate. Sed necesse est imitari fidem Abrahae. Hoc
modo, sensu spiritali, nos possumus esse ffiii eius, et
benedictionem, quam Deus promisit ei, recipimus.

English to Latin

1. Let us go to find Abraham. 2. We do not wish to
remain in that place. 3. It is necessary that I see him.
4.1 am willing to do all that he asks. 5. He has sent me
so that I may learn the truth. 6. When he had raised his
hand, God ordered him not to touch his son. 7. Are you
not willing to hear me?

Scramble Exercise

Abraham post filii nativitatem eius vocavit Deus ut
eundem sacrificaret filium imperans. Omnibus quae hoc
ad sacrificium necessaria erant paratis, ad locum quern
monstraverat Deus cum filio est profectus pater. Filium
autem antequam interficere posset, per angelum ne vic-
timam tangeret paratam Abrahae imperavit. Magnam
quod benedictionem daret Abrahae promisit Deus.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SEXTA

De prima et secunda persona in verbis: esse, posse et ferre

Abraham senex erat, et multos iam annos habuit. Vocavit l'taque unum ex
servis suis et dixit ei, “Ego iam senex sum, et Dominus benedixit mihi in
multis. Sed ante mortem meam volo providere uxorem bonam pro filio meo
Isaac. Sed ne accipias uxorem ei de ffliis quae habitant in hac terra—eas ad
terram meam unde discessi et accipe ibi uxorem pro filio meo Isaac.”

Respondit servus, “Quid faciam si mulier nolet redire mecum in hanc
terram: debeo ego ducere filium tuum in terram Haran unde tu venisti?”
Et Abraham dixit: “Nullo modo—homines enim qui habitant in Haran
multos deos colunt. Nolo filium meum habitare cum illis. Sed insuper,
Deus promisit mihi quod faceret me in gentem magnam in terra hac. Debeo
implere voluntatem eius.”

Itaque servus discessit, et iter fecit in Haran. Cum ad urbem esset, servus
vidit mulieres egredientes ut haurirent aquam. Servus Abrahae autem hoc
modo ad Deum oravit, “Domine Deus, fac misericordiam cum domino
meo Abraham. Ego itaque rogabo puellas has ut dent ( from dare) mihi
aquam. Puella ergo quae dicet mihi: ‘Etiam camelis tuis aquam dabo’—
ilia sit puella quam tu, Domine, paravisti filio domini mei. Hoc modo
sciam voluntatem tuam.”

Servus non finiverat orationem suam ad Dominum—et ecce puella
pulchra, cuius nomen erat Rebecca, venit ad eum. Itaque cum servus peti-
visset aquam ab ea, Rebecca dixit, “Etiam camelis tuis aquam dabo.”

Hoc modo invenit servus Abrahae uxorem bonam pro Isaac. Parentes
enim Rebeccae, audientes omnia quae acciderant, dixerunt, “Voluntas
Domini Dei clara est. Redeat Rebecca tecum, ut sit uxor bona filio domini
tui.”

sen ex-old man

sum-/ am

provider e-provide

filia -daughter

eas -subj. of ire

unde-whence

mulier -woman

colere- worship

gens -people

impler e-fulfill

voluntas -will

haurir e-draw

oravit -prayed

fac (imperative of facere)

camelus-came/

parentes-parents

VOCABULARIUM

colere, coluit, cultus-

magna gens, gent t-tribe.

worship, till, cultivate

people (poss. p/.-ium)

implere, implevit.

bona voluntas.

impletus -fill, fulfill

voluntate-u'///

filia, ^-daughter

und t-whence, from
where

Nunc Cogitemus

Present

sit

sint

Subjunctive

Imperfect

esset

essent

Pluperfect

fuisset

fuissent

On most of these we can make the first and second
person simply—of course, the perfect indicative be¬
haves like other perfects—of the rest, all but the present
and future indicative use the stick that has: m, s, t, mus,
tis, nt.

Now the future is almost the same:

Forms of Esse: We already know the third person
forms of esse:

Indicative

ero

enmus

eris

eritis

erit

erunt

But the present indicative is quite irregular:

Present

Imperfect

Future

Perfect

sum

sumus

est

erat

erit

fuit

estis

sunt

erant

erunt

fuerunt

est

sunt

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Forms of Posse: Outside of the infinitive, this verb is
merely esse with the prefixes pot- and pos-: we use pot-
before forms beginning with e —such as potero, potes,
potest, etc. Before forms beginning with s we have pos-,
thus: possum, possumus, possunt, etc. Only the present
indicative is any bother (because it jumps around):
possum possumus

potes potestis

potest possunt

Forms for the rest are easy—such as present subjunc¬
tive possim (with stick). Write out a table of the rest.

Forms of Ferre: This verb acts just like a normal third
conjugation verb outside the present indicative. Thus
we have imperfect indicative— fertbam; future—
feram, feres, etc.; present subjunctive— feram, feras,
etc.; imperfect subjunctive— ferrem, ferres, etc. Here is
the present indicative:

fero ferimus

fers fertis

fert ferunt

These are easy to recognize —to make them, remember
to drop the normal connection vowel in second and
third singular and second plural. That is all.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

“Ubi sumus?” dixerunt quinque porci. “Sumus in foro,”
respondit unus ex eis. “Volumus audire Ciceronem.
Cicero enim habebit orationem vehementem.” Sed 61ius
porcus dixit, “Ille? Nullo modo. Nolumus audire eum.
Inflatus est magno vento. firimus aegri si audimus ilium.
Sed audite me, amici mei—si nos volumus Mcere rem
magnam, ut simus veri porci, et ut honorem demus ( from
dare) generi nostro, consilium h&beo. Hodie £lius orator
habebit orationem. Hie orator amat nos, et dedit nobis
magnum honorem: habet enim nomen nostrum. Certe,
nemo est ex nobis qui nesciat hominem de quo dico—

dico de Marco Porcio Catone. Ille vult esse consul
Rom&nus. Nos debemus facere omnia quae possumus ut
ille re vera fiat consul. Cato enim promisit quod si fiet
consul, omnes homines nullas alias carnes comedent nisi
carnes bovinas assas. Cato etiam dixit in sen£tu, ‘Audite
me, amici mei. Nos veri Romani sumus. Ergo faci&mus
legem novam. Ne Romdni comedant £lias carnes nisi
carnes bovinas assas.’ ” Et parvus porcus dixit, “Si ha-
bebimus hanc legem, non iam in magno periculo erimus.
Laboremus ( let us work ) ergo, et audi&mus Catonem
nostrum.”

Sed agnus dixit, “Maria et ego venimus quotidie in
scholam. In schola discimus multa. Melius enim est nos
esse in schola quam in foro. In foro enim audire possu¬
mus Catonem et Ciceronem. Sed in nostra schola audi¬
mus Marcum. Maria saepe dicit Marco, ‘Marce, tu es
parvus agnus meus.’ Forsan verum est, sed numquam
audivimus Marcum dicentem baa. Nescio quid Maria
signific&re velit. Marcus enim videtur esse homo.”

English to Latin

1. It is better to see Caesar than to see the five pigs.

2. You are a good orator. 3. We are able to hear him
often. 4.1 am a servant of Abraham, who is a good man.
5.1 will bring water for your camels. 6. We are always
able to do that which God commands. 7. His will is
always good for us.

Scramble Exercise

Suam ante mortem ut filio uxorem provideret bonam,
in terram ex qua venerat servum misit Abraham. Qui
dominum quid faciat si mulier cum eo redire nolet in-
terrogat. Cui ille ne mulierem venire cogat imperat. Qui
servus ut patris celeriter voluntatem impleret est in Ha-
ran profectus. Uxorem pro filio bonam Rebeccam quae
camelis etiam aquam dedit invenit. Dei qui bonus est
voluntate acciderunt haec.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De prima et secunda persona in perfectis passivis

Isaac et Rebecca duos filios habuerunt, quorum nomina erant Esau et
Iacob. Esau autem irascebatur quia Iacob acceperat benedictionem patris
Isaac per simulationem. Rebecca ltaque, videns iram Esau, timuit ne
interficere vellet Iacob. Vocavit ergo Iacob, et monuit eum ne moraretur
sed celeriter discederet dicens, “Irascitur tibi Esau. Tfmeo ne te interficere
conetur. Fuge ltaque in Haran, ad Laban fratrem meum. Post dies paucos
reverti poteris.”

Iacob ergo profectus est in Haran, et cum iter faceret, nox invenit eum in
quodam campo. Tulit ltaque lapidem, et ponens eum sub capite suo,
dormivit. Et cum dormiret, vidit visionem magnam: scala stabat in terra,
et cacumen huius scalae coelum tangebat. Angeli Dei ascendebant et
descendebant per scalam; Dominus Deus ipse in coelo erat, et locutus est
ad Iacob, “Ego sum Dominus Deus Abrahae, patris tui, Deus Isaac.
Terram in qua dormis tibi et filiis tuis dabo.” Deus promiserat Abrahae
quod fflii eius essent multi, ita ut nemo posset numerare eos. Deus reno¬
va vit idem foedus cum Iacob, et dixit, “In te omnes gentes terrae bene-
dicentur.”

Post haec Iacob surrexit et dixit, “Re vera Dominus est in hoc loco, et
ego nesciebam. Terribilis est locus hie—nihil enim aliud est nisi domus
Dei et porta coeli!” Iacob ltaque vocavit nomen loci illius Bethel, id est,
domus Dei. “Beth” enim in lingua Hebraica est “domus” et “El” est Deus.

simulatio -pretense
morari -delay
irater-brother
campus -plain
lapis -stone
dormne-sleep
scala -ladder
cacumen -top
ita -so

numerar e-count
renovare-renew
foedus-pact, covenant
Hebraicus-Hebrew

V OCABULARIUM

dormire, ivit, itus -sleep numerare, avit, atus-

morari, moratus est- count, number

delay, stay ita-so

campus, o-field, plain
bonum foedus, foeder e-pact, covenant
bonus frater, fratre-6r other

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person Perfect Passives: We
learned long ago to make the third person forms of the
perfect and pluperfect passives (both indicative and
subjunctive). Now that we know the first and second
person forms of esse, it is obvious that we can fill out the
table and make all three persons. A few samples:
paratus sum, es, est parati sumus, estis, sunt

paratus eram, eras, erat parati eramus, eratis, erant

Perfect Subjunctive Passive: Since paratus sum,
etc., gives perfect indicative, it is obvious that by

changing sum to sim (subjunctive of esse ) we get per¬
fect subjunctive:

paratus sim, sis, sit parati simus, sitis, sint

Use of Perfect Subjunctive: Ordinarily it will be
found only in dependent clauses, when the main verb
refers to present or future time. The perfect subjunctive
then could indicate completed action, e.g.:

Rogat num mflites interfecti sint.

He asks whether the soldiers have been killed.

But this is enough for our use now—it is easy to see how
to translate it from Latin to English. As to the perfect
active subjunctive—we shall learn it soon.

Future Perfect Indicative Passive: We make it
simply—add the future of esse to the perfect participle,
thus:

paratus ero, eris, erit parati erimus, eritis, erunt
Translation?—I shall have been prepared, you will
have been prepared, etc. We shall learn the future per¬
fect active soon.

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Nunc Exerceamus Nos

English to Latin

“Esau, cur locutus es haec verba contra Iacob fratrem
tuum?” “Quia ille malus est. Benedictionem quam pater
mihi dare voluit, ille accepit.” “Sed nonne tu vendidfsti
(sold) illi primogenita ( birthright) tua quodam die
cum de agris rev6rsus esses?” “Hoc verum est, sed Iacob
non d6buit simuldre (pretend) se esse me. Nonne men-
d&cium (lie) est dfcere id quod non verum est?”
“Ctique, sed post haec, tu ingr6ssus es ad patrem tuum,
et £liam benedictionem accepisti.” “Verum est, acc6pi,
sed benedictio quam fratri meo dedit m61ior erat.” “Sed
rem peiorem de te audfvi—nonne condtus es 6tiam in¬
terffcere Iacob?” “Hoc non sum condtus fdcere—sed
vellem (I would like) interffcere eum!”

“Iacob, quare de terra tua egr6ssus es? Et in quam
terram prof6ctus es?” “Prof6ctus sum quia mater mea
de ira fratris mei monuit me. Iter ftaque in Haran fdcio.”
“Sed in Haran nonne multi polythefstae sunt?” “Ctique,
sed ibi non reman6bo. Pater enim meus vult ut uxorem
ibi accfpiam ex filidbus (daughters — abl. pi.) Laban,
avunculi mei. Laban enim vir bonus est.” “Puer bonus
es. Bonam invemas uxorem.”

1. He asks whether you have attempted to do it. 2.
Jacob, why have you gone out from your own land?
3. I have said these words (use loqui) because I hate
him. 4. You have been sent by your mother into Haran.
5.1 do not know why you have said these things. 6. You
have been filled with good things because you have ful¬
filled the will of God. 7. Have you attempted to count
the stars?

Scramble Exercise

Cum Iacob benedictionem quam ipse a patre acdpere
voluerat accepisset eum odit Esau. Ut e domo, ne eum
interffcere posset Esau, fugeret monuit mater Iacob.
Ap6rto in campo cum in Haran iter fdceret Iacob in-
venit eum nox. Quo in loco vidit dormiens magnam a
Deo visionem e coelo scalae descendentis. Hoc sciens
modo esse sanctum locum, dedit nomen loco Bethel
Iacob.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA OCTAVA

De prima et secunda persona passiva in subiunctivo
praesenti et imperfecto

Sunt multa alia de Iacob quae legere possumus in Scripturis Sanctis. Sed
hodie audire volumus de duodecim filiis Iacob, et praesertim de uno ex
his ffliis, cuius nomen erat Iosephus.

Quodam die fratres Iosephi fecerunt rem pessimam. Iosephus venit ad
patrem suum Iacob et narravit ei id quod fratres eius fecerant. Propter
hanc causam fratres eius irati sunt ei, et coeperunt odisse eum. Insuper,
Iacob amavit Ioseph plus quam alios—ecce alia causa odii.

Ioseph etiam habuit duo somnia, quae narravit fratribus suis. Dixit
enim, “Audfte somnium meum quod vidi: putabam nos ligare mampulos
in agro. Et mampulus meus surrexit et stetit, sed vestri manipuli cir-
cumstantes adoraverunt mampulum meum.”

Somnio audfto, fratres eius responderunt, “Num rex nostereris? Aut nos
subiciemur (be subjected to) tibi?” Post haec, fratres eius senserunt odium
maius contra Iosephum. Sed Ioseph etiam vidit aliud somnium, et narravit
fratribus suis. Dixit, “Vidi per somnium, quasi solem et lunam et Stellas
undecim adorare me.” Audito hoc somnio, pater eius dixit, “Quid sibi vult
hoc somnium (What does it mean )? Num ego et mater tua et fratres tui
adorabimus te super terram?” Pater eius non odit Iosephum, sed fratres
eius oderunt eum.

Quodam die, Iacob vocavit Iosephum. Qui dixit, “Adsum; quid vis a
me?” Et pater respondit, “Veni, mittam te ad fratres tuos, ut videas si
omnia prospera sint cum eis et cum pecoribus quae custodiunt.” Iosephus
ergo discessit, et secutus est fratres suos, ut videret si omnia prospera
essent eis et pecoribus. Fratres eius viderunt eum venientem et dixerunt,
“Ecce, somniator venit! Venite, occidamus eum, et videamus quid prosint
illi somnia eius.” (Continuabitur eras)

somnium-dream
mampulus-sheaf
circumstare-stand around
adorer c-adore
num-do not translate
(see below)
subicer c-subject
quasi-aj it were
peexis-cattle
prosperus -favorable
custodire-wa/c/i
somniator-dreamer
occider e-kill
prosint-be helpful

VOCABULARIUM

adorare, avit, atus-

fitable to (dat.,

respect, reverence,

compound of esse)

adore

subiciunt, subicere, iecit.

circumstare, -stetit.

iectus -subject

-, -surround

magnum pecus, pecore-

occidere, occidit.

cattle

occisus -kill

somnium, o -dream

prodesse, profuit.

num (see below)

*profuturus-f>e pro-

quasi-o; if, as it were

Num: There is no English equivalent for the use of
num we have just seen (we saw it some time ago in the
sense of whether —a different use). It serves to intro¬

duce a question, and shows that one expects the answer
no. We can get the same effect in English, not by one
word, but in a round about way—thus:

You aren’t going to the city, are you?

Num vadis in urbem?

The enclictic particle -ne that we have been using, is
neutral—expects no particular answer. But -ne on the
end of non (nonne) expects the answer yes:

Nonnc vadis in urbem?

Aren’t you going to the city?

Nunc Cogitemus

Preview of Passive Forms of Simple Tenses (all
but the perfects—that is, present, imperfect, and fu¬
ture): We saw that one set of endings, m or o, s, t, mus,

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tis, nt accounted for nearly all active forms. We also saw
that perfect passives are made with the perfect partici¬
ple and a form of esse. But all simple tenses of passives
are made with just one set of endings—no exceptions—
which are:

r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

We already know two out of the six, and so have only
four to learn. It is perfectly easy to learn to recognize
any passive form. There are a few special things to watch
in making them, and so we take them up a little at a time.

Imperfect

ris
tur
mur
mini
ntur

And so on in any con¬
jugation (write out a
set of samples for
yourself).

parare

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

habere

Today We Learn the Present and Imperfect Sub¬
junctive. There we merely use the old stick method:

Present

pare

tur

habea

tur

mur

mini

ntur

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Nomen meum est Iacob. Mater mea me vocavit, et in
Haran me mittere voluit. His auditis, dixi, “Estne re
vera necesse ut ego in Haran proficiscar?” Et mater mea
respondit, “(Jtique, ne a fratre tuo Esau interficiaris. Sed
ne moreris. Fac iter celeriter ne ab illo videaris.”

Celeriter itaque sum profectus ne viderer et interfi-
cerer ab illo. Sed aliquando ( sometime ) redibo ut
matrem meam videam et ut cum Esau loquar. Nolo
enim inimicus ei esse.

Audiamus Aliam Narrationem

Quidam ex pharisaeis rogavit Iesum ut comederet secum. Iesus ergo venit
in domum huius pharisaei, et recubuit ut cibum comederet. Et ecce,
mulier mala, quae erat peccatrix, id est, quae multa peccata committebat
in ilia civitate, cum novisset Iesum venisse in domum pharisaei, tulit
alabastrum unguenti, et venit in domum ad Iesum. Haec mulier ad pedes
Iesu stetit et coepit rigare pedes eius lacrimis, et ungebat pedes unguento.
Sed ille pharisaeus qui invitaverat Iesum (nomen huius pharisaei erat
Simon) videns hanc peccatricem ad pedes Iesu, dicere coepit in mente sua,
“Hie vir Iesus certe non est propheta, sicut putaveram, quia nescit hanc
mulierem esse peccatricem!”

Sed Iesus videre poterat ea quae agebantur in mente Simonis, et re¬
spondit ei, “Simon, habeo ^liquid quod volo dicere tibi.” Simon ait, “Die,
Domine.” Et Iesus dixit ei, “Quidam faenerator habebat duos debitores qui
debebant pecuniam ei. Sed, cum non haberent pecuniam ut solverent, ille
faenerator dimisit debitum eis. Unus ex eis debuerat quingentos (500)
denarios, et alius debuerat quinquaginta (50). Haec ergo est quaestio mea:
Quis ex illis debitoribus amavit ilium faeneratorem plus?” Simon respondit,
“Probabfliter ille cui plus dimissum est.”

Et Dominus ait, “Veritatem dixisti. Videsne hanc mulierem? Veni in
domum tuam. Aquam pedibus meis non dedisti. Sed haec mulier lacrimis
rigavit pedes meos. Et caput meum oleo non unxisti. Sed ilia unxit pedes
meos unguento. Ergo dico tibi: multa peccata dimittuntur illi, quia
amavit multum. Sed is cui minus dimittitur, minus amat.”

120

recubuit -reclined
mulier -woman
peccatrix-sinner
alabaster-hoc
unguentum -ointment
rigare-wash
lacrima -tear
ungebat -anointed
aliq uid -someth ing
ait -said

faenerator-money lender
solver e-pay
denarius-denarius
dimittere-forgive
oleum -oil

Circuluslatinus.org

English to Latin

Scramble Exercise

1. Let us speak (use loqui) lest we be put into prison.

2. You (plural) were so good that you were loved by
all. 3. Let us fight bravely lest we die. 4. Let us adore
the one true God and not many gods. 5. May you be
filled with good things. 6. I will not be a slave will I?
7. My enemies have surrounded me to kill me.

Huius Isaac, de quo iam legimus quod pater eius non
nolebat sacrificare eum, iubente Deo, erant nepotes
( grandsons ) duodecim. Inter quos erat Iosephus qui
somnia magna vidit. De uno somnio dixit, “In agro
manfpulos nos ligantes vidi. Inter quos manfpulos meum
surrexisse et stetisse—vestros autem meum adorare.”
Hoc propter somnium ei fratres irati sunt.

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LECTIO QUINQUAGESIMA NONA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Fratres Iosephi comprehenderunt eum, et ligaverunt eum. Voluerunt occi-
dere eum, et dicere patri suo Iacob: Fera mala devoravit fflium tuum
Ioseph. Sed unus ex fratribus Iosephi, cuius nomen erat Ruben, nolebat
interficere fratrem suum. Sciebat enim quod Iosephus meruerat nihil mali.
Voluit ergo liberare eum. Sed non poterat simpliciter dicere aliis fratribus,
“Volo liberare Iosephum.” Ergo dixit, “Ne interficiatis animam eius, nec
fundatis sanguinem eius. Mittamus eum in hanc cisternam veterem.”
(Non erat aqua in hac cistema.)

Haec verba placuerunt aliis fratribus, et miserunt Iosephum in cisternam
veterem. Sed cum sederent ut comederent panem, viderunt mercatores
venientes. Hi mercatores erant Ismaelitae, et faciebant iter in Aegyptum.
Unus ex fratribus, Iudas, videns hos mercatores, dixit aliis: “Quid prodest
nobis si occidemus fratrem nostrum? Nonne melius est vendere eum
Ismaelitis? Hoc modo manus nostrae non polluentur.” Cum ergo Ismaelitae
venissent ad eos, traxerunt Iosephum ex cisterna, et vendiderunt eum
viginti argenteis ( abl. case — price).

Ruben non aderat cum alii fratres venderent Iosephum. Cum ergo
venisset ad cisternam, et non invenisset fratrem suum, magno dolore
affectus est. Sed fratres tulerunt ( from ferre) tunicam Iosephi, et intinxe-
runt in sanguine haedi quern occiderant.

Tunc ierunt ad patrem suum, et monstraverunt ei tunicam intinctam
sanguine. Et dixerunt, “Vide, estne haec tunica Iosephi?” Et pater, motus
dolore maximo dixit, “Fera pessima devoravit filium meum Iosephum.”
Ismaelitae autem duxerunt Iosephum in Aegyptum.

fera -wild beast
devorare-ea/
mere re-earn, deserve
anima -soul, Hie
funder e-pour, shed
sanguis -blood
verbum-word
sedere-«r

argenteus-«7ver {piece)
vender t-sell
polluer e-defile
traxit-drew
intinger e-dip
haedus -goat

V OCABULARIUM

fundere, fudit, fusus-

anima, a -soul, life,

pour, shed

breath

merere, meruit, meritus-

ferus, o & fera, a -wild

earn, deserve

beast

trahere, traxit, tractus-

bonus sanguis, sanguine-

draw, drag

blood

vendere, vendidit.

verbum, o -word

venditus -sell

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. How do you say in the indicative (both singular
and plural): You are, you were, you will be, you have
been, you had been; and in the subjunctive: you are,
you were, you had been. Now make the same forms for
posse and ferre. 2. How do you say: We have been

called, we had been called, we shall have been called.
Now make the same forms for tenere and capere. 3.
How do you say in the subjunctive (singular and plural):
You have been sent, you had been sent. Now make the
same forms for implere and ferre. 4. How do you say in
the subjunctive (plural only): You are being counted,
you were being counted. Now make the same forms for
habere, occidere, finire.

Audiamus de Terra Aegypti

Amicus noster, Sanctus Iosephus, a fratribus suis
venditus est. Mercatores Ismaelitae eum in terram
Aegypti ducunt. ltaque, nos etiam ingrediamur in hanc
terram, ut earn videamus. Ubi est Aegyptus? Est in
Africa. Non est terra magna, sed est terra valde antiqua.

In media terra est flumen magnum, cuius nomen est
Nilus. Hoc flumen necessarium est in Aegypto. Omni

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anno hoc flumen diluvium parvum facit super magnam
partem terrae. Sine hoc diluvio annuali ( annual) Aegyptii
non possent ( could not ) colere agros suos. Non possent
habere panem et alios cibos necessarios. In parte enim
septentrionali terrae, ad Mare Mediterraneum, terra
imbres (rains) moderates accipit. Sed aliae partes
Aegypti fere numquam imbrem accipiunt. Ergo dilu¬
vium annuale fluminis Nili valde necessarium est.

Sed ecce—vir Aegyptius ad nos venit. Interrogemus
eum de terra hac. Amice! ( friend) Veni ad nos. Quis es?
“Nomen meum est Ptahotep.” Nomen novum est.
Numquam tale nomen audivimus. Quid significat? “Ptah
est magnus deus in terra Aegypti. Ptah enim est intellec-
tus et lingua omnium deorum. Haec sufficiant de prima
parte nominis mei. Secunda pars, id est, hotep, significat
‘satis est.’ Ergo totum nomen significat: Satis est pro
Ptah—vel, in aliis verbis: Placet Ptah.” Sed volumus
scire quid significat id quod tu dicis, “Ptah est lingua
omnium deorum.” “Difficile est hanc rem explicare, sed
conabur (/ will try). Ptah est potestas per quam omnes
alii dei imperare possunt. Ptah ergo est super omnes
alios deos. Habemus enim multos alios deos. fitiam ipse
rex noster est deus magnus.” (Cras audiemus plura de
Aegypto)

Psittacus (Parrot) Dixit ##%*??!!!

Quaedam bona femina, Margarita nomine, psittacum
habebat. Sed psittacus, qui olim cum nautis navigaverat,
semper multa verba profana (profane language) dice-
bat. Margarita verba profana audire non amabat, et

propter hanc causam, omni die dominica (Sunday)
psittacum ponebat in caveam (cage) et eum tegebat
(covered), ne in die dominica psittacus talia verba
diceret. Sed quadam hebdomeda (week), in feria sec¬
unda (Monday), Margarita vidit ministrum (a min¬
ister) venientem ad domum suam. Celeriter itaque
psittacum in caveam posuit et texit eum. Post haec,
minister in domum venit, et loquebatur cum Margarita,
quando vox querens (complaining) ex cavea audieba-
tur, “Unam ##% ??!!! brevem hebdomedam!!!”

English to Latin

1. Let us try to learn all that we can about this land.

2. A man is coming. Let us see if he knows many things
about this land. 3. Let us speak to this man. 4. We will be
in danger if we remain here. 5. We were dragged into
prison although we did not deserve it. 6. Let us not shed
his blood—let us sell him to these men. 7. Will they
believe our words?

Scramble Exercise

Idem patriarcha aliud etiam narravit somnium: se
vidisse quasi solem et lunam et Stellas undecim adorare
se. Quibus auditis interrogavit pater num ipse et mater
et fratres deberent adorare ilium super terram. Fratribus
autem eius irascentibus hanc propter causam, pater
Iosephi non est iratus. In Aegyptum ut servus fieret
vendiderunt eum fratres eius.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo imperfecto
De pronomine: aliquis

lgitur Iosephus ductus est in Aegyptum, emitque eum Putiphar, princeps
exercitus. Sed Deus erat cum Iosepho et benedixit ei. Iosephus habitabat
in domo domini sui. Et Deus benedixit domui Putiphari propter Iosephum.
Iosephus ipse placuit Putipharo, et datum est ei ut administraret omnia
negotia domus illius. Sed uxor Putiphari odit Iosephum, et accusavit eum
crimine falso. Putiphar credidit verbis uxoris suae, et iecit Iosephum in
carcerem. Sed Deus erat cum Iosepho, et dedit ei gratiam in conspectu
principis carceris.

In hoc carcere erant multi alii viri. Inter hos erant duo servi regis. Unus
ex his fuerat pistor regis. Alius fuerat pincerna regius (ille ferebat
calicem vini ad regem). Hi duo viderunt somnia quadam nocte, et narra-
verunt somnia sua Iosepho. Pincerna narravit somnium suum, “Videbam
coram me vitem in qua erant tres propagines in quibus uvae erant. Habui
calicem Pharaonis in manu mea, et pressi uvas in calicem et dedi calicem
Pharaoni.”

Iosephus autem respondit ei, “Haec est interpretatio somnii—tres pro¬
pagines, tres adhuc dies sunt. Post hos dies Pharao recordabitur tui et
ministerii tui, et restituet te in locum tuum, et dabis ei calicem secundum
officium tuum, sicut antea faciebas. Sed cum venies in domum Pharaonis,
rogo te ut loquaris illi pro me, ut exeam ex hoc carcere. Quia venditus sum
e terra Hebraeorum a fratribus meis, et innocens missus sum in hunc
carcerem.”

igitur-there fore
emiX-bought
-qu t-and

administrare-mana^e
negotium-ftu^/'neM
crimen -charge
gratia -favor
conspectus-sight
pistor-baker
pincerna -butler
cali x-cup
vitis -vine
propago -branch
\i\a-grape
pressit -pressed
restituer e-restore
antea -before

VOCABULARIUM

administrare, avit, atus-
govern, manage
emere, emit, emptus-
buy

restituere, restituit,
restitutus-rerfore
antea (adv.) -before,
formerly

magnus calix, calic e-cup
malum crimen, crimine-
charge, crime
gratia, a -favor, grace,
gratitude

negotium, o -business,
trouble

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person Passive of Imperfect
Indicative: We already know the third person passive
of the imperfect indicative—and we know the stick:

r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur
Put them together, and we have what we want:

amaba

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

And, since all imperfects are the same,
there is no use to write out more
examples in this book (but you write
some for practice).

The Indefinite Pronoun Aliquis, Aliquid: It
means: “someone, something.”

Declension—just like the interrogative quis, quid
(see Lesson 38) except: Neuter nominative and ob¬
jective plural is aliqua —not aliquae.

How does it differ in meaning from quidaml Quidam
means: a certain one (I know but won’t tell). Aliquis
means: someone (I don’t know who).

The Indefinitive Adjective: It has the same forms
as qui, quae, quod, except for three: aliqua (used in three
places): nominative singular feminine, (2) nominative

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and objective plural neuter. Therefore it has three forms
in the nominative singular: dliqui, aliqua, aliquod.

The Enclitic -que: In the story above, we saw -que
used to mean and. It is different from et in two ways:
1. -que is attached to the end of a word, but is translated
before the same word. 2. -que is a closer connective
than et: English has only one and —Latin has three—in
order of closeness of connection: -que, ac ( atque ), et.
Et is the loosest; but -que is the closest: agnus pordque
—the lamb and the pigs (The lamb would prefer to
have et.)

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

“Iosephe, quare in Aegyptum ducebaris?” “Fratres mei
me oderunt.” “Sed cur te oderunt? Conabaris aliquid
mali contra eos facere?” “Nullo modo. Sed somnia
habui: In uno somnio in agris cum eis eram, et adora-
bar a manipulis eorum. In altero somnio a sole, luna, et
undecim stellis colebar.” “Cum haec eis loquereris,
nonne timebas ne occidereris ab eis?” “Otique, sed
Deus non permisit ut occiderer—solummodo permisit
ut venderer servus in Aegyptum. Sed Deus bonus est.
Faciet ut bona etiam ex his malis meis veniant.”

Audiamus Plura de Terra Aegypti

Quid loquebaris? Dicisne quod rex tuus est deus? Nos
credere hoc non possumus—nos enim Hebraei sumus,
et unum verum Deum colimus. Sed nihilominus, de rege
vestro audire volumus. Quod est nomen eius? “Nomen
eius est Pharao.” Et quis erat pater eius? “Pater eius
etiam erat Pharao—semper enim reges nostros ‘Pharao’
vocamus. Verum nomen eius est nomen sacrum. Non
licet nobis pronuntiare verum nomen eius.”

Quid ergo significat hoc verbum Pharao ? “Significat:

domus magna. Nemo enim in persona secunda loqui
potest huic regi. Semper dicimus de eo in tertia persona.
Possumus dicere de ‘Quodam’. Ille enim est etiam ka
totius terrae Aegypti.” Sed quid significat illud verbum
kal “Difficile est explicare. Pharao est, ut ita dicam
(so to speak) anima terrae huius. Omnia enim per eum
vivunt. Sol etiam movetur potestate eius. Sed etiam est
protector Aegypti. Itaque duplici ( double ) sensu
dicimus quod ille est ka totius Aegypti.” Sed nonne
moritur rex vester? et si moritur, quo modo deus esse
potest? Deus enim immortalis est. “Rex noster non
solum est deus unus —est plures dei. Est Horus, id est,
accipiter (falcon )—qui est etiam deus et filius dei. Sed
etiam est Seth. Itaque rex est duo domini. Sad post
mortem fit alius deus. Fit Osiris, qui est deus, rex mor-
tuorum.” Sed nos credere nolumus quod ille est deus qui
semper remanet et remanebit in sepulchro. Deus enim
vere immortalis est. Est rex vivorum et mortuorum.

English to Latin

1. You were called the great house. 2. We were heard
by all men in this land. 3. Joseph (Iosephe), ypu were
bought by the men of Egypt. 4. He will attemp to gov¬
ern this great land. 5. Let them speak to Joseph, for he
will restore everything. 6. I was sent here because of a
false charge (use ablative without preposition). 7. You
were restored to the favor of Pharao.

Scramble Exercise

Pater materque eius magno affecti sunt dolore putantes
eum interfectum esse, cum re vera in terra Aegypti
servus esset. Non solum autem in ilia terra servus factus
est Iosephus, verum etiam in carcerem propter odium
uxoris domini sui missus est. Cui cum in carcere esset
narraverunt somnia pincerna pistorque Pharaonis.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA PRIMA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo passivo praesenti
De pronomine: quis

Iosephus, in c&rcere in terra aliena, iam interpret&tus est somnium principis
pincernirum Pharaonis. Sed etiam princeps pistorum Pharaonis narr&vit
somnium suum, dicens: “Et ego vidi somnium, quod tria canistra farinae
haberem super caput meum. Et in uno canistro portibam omnes cibos
qui fiunt arte pistoria, et aves coeli comedebant ex eo. Rogo te, ut explices
mihi interpretationem somnii huius.” Respondet Iosephus, “Haec est
interpret&tio somnii: Tria canistra, tres adhuc dies sunt: post quos auferet
Ph4rao caput tuum, ac suspendet te in cruce, et aves comedent carnes
tuas.”

Et post tres dies natalitius Pharaonis erat, et in convivio Ph&rao re-
cord&tus est pincernae et pistoris qui erant in c&rcere. Et restituit 41terum
in locum suum, ut porrigeret ei c&licem, 41terum autem suspendit in cruce.
Pincerna tamen oblitus est Iosephi, et hie rem&nsit in c&rcere.

Post duos annos, vidit Ph4rao somnium. Putibat se stare ad flumen, de
quo ascendebant septem boves pulchrae et crassae valde, et pascebantur
in locis palustribus. Etiam 61iae septem boves venerunt e flumine, de-
formes et exiles valde, et septem deformes boves comederunt septem
pulchras boves.

Sed e6dem nocte, Pharao vidit et 41iud somnium. Septem spicae erant in
culmo uno, et plenae et pulchrae erant. Sed £liae septem oriebantur,
exiles valde, et septem exiles comederunt septem pulchras. Post haec,
Pharao surrexit a somniis suis, et territus est. Et misit ad omnes vates in
omni terra Aegypti ut venirent et interpretarentur somnia sua. Sed non
poterant. (Continuibitur)

alienus-/omgn
canistrum -basket
farina -meal
auferr t-take away
suspendere-/iang
crux^ -cross
natalitius -birthday
convivium -banquet
porrigere-reach
tamen-nevertheless
oblitus -forgot
bos-cow

crassus -fat, thick
pasci -feed
paluster -marshy
deformis-ug/y
exilis-t/i/n
spica-ear of grain
culmus -stalk
plenus -full
orin-arise

VOCABULARIUM

auferre, ibstulit,

ablatus ( compound of
(tut)-take away :
Aufert arma militi:

He takes arms from
the soldier

oblivisci, oblitus est-
for get (with poss. or
obf.)

oriuntur, oriri, ortus est-
rise, arise

pasci, pastus est- feed on
(with abl.)
suspendere, pendit,
pensus-/iang
alienus, a, um -foreign,
unfavorable
bos, bove-cow, bull, ox
( masc . or fern.)
bona crux, cruce-crow
tamen -nevertheless

First and Second Person Present Indicative Pas¬
sive: Here the short stick works reasonably well—
though there are two forms, in circles, where it does not
fit perfectly:

ris

ama

tur

tene

tur

poni

mur

mini

risj

tur

mur

mini

capi

(ejris)

ns;

tur

mur

mini

audi

ris

tur

mur

mini

Then we recall that we already know the third
plurals:

amintur tenentur ponuntur capiuntur audiuntur
So we have to learn only five forms:
amor teneor ponor c4pior audior
And to note the two irregulars: poneris and cdperis.

The easiest way to deal with these forms is merely
to memorize them! But concentrate on recognizing them

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for the moment, and learn to make them gradually.
Compare them to the present subjunctive—there are
some similarities.

The Indefinite Pronoun Quis, Quid: Declension
is no problem—just the same as that of the interrogative
pronoun quis, quid, which we already know. It means:
someone, anyone; something, anything. Qua may re¬
place quae, except in the nominative singular feminine.

The Indefinite Adjective: Qui, Quae, Quod:
Same declension as the relative pronoun, qui, quae,
quod.

Use of the Indefinite Pronoun and Adjective:
The meaning is about the same as that of the indefinite
dliquis (and its adjective form dliqui) —but Latin used
quis, quid (and the adjective form likewise, of course)
—always and only after: si, nisi, ne, num, and an.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Iosephus venerat ut fratres suos inveniret, sed cum ad
eos venisset, noluerunt ei loqui. Iosephus itaque dixit,
“Fratres mei, quid vultis? Quare non loquimini mihi?
Irascimini mihi? Si quid contra vos feci, dicite mihi quid
sit.” Sed fratres coeperunt ligare eum dicentes, “Somni-
£tor es. Videas nunc quid prosint tibi somnia tua.”
Iosephus autem, “Cur ligor a vobis? Conamini me
interficere?” Post ^liquid temporis fratres viderunt mer-
catores venientes ad sese, et vocaverunt eos, “Merca-
tores, venite ad nos. Vultis servum emere?” Sed Iosephus
dixit, “Quid nunc facis mihi? Cur vendor his viris?” Illi
autem responderunt dicentes, “Odimus te. Discede a
nobis—sis servus in Aeg^pto.”

Nunc Audiamus Plura de Amicis
Nostris in Aegypto

(Note: In this story we must use two verbs that are very similar:
[ idciunt ], idcere , iecit , iactus —throw
iacire , idcuil , idcitus —lie )

Velimus (we would like ) plura de hoc Osiride audire.
Quis erat ille? “Antiquis temporibus Osiris erat rex in
Aegypto. Uxor eius Isis vocabatur. Osiris et Isis homines
agros colere docuerunt et frumentum comedere. Antea
enim homines in Aegypto alios homines comederant.
Sed Osiris fratrem habuit, cuius nomen erat Seth.

Seth Osiridem oderat, et eum occidere voluit. Ut hoc
faceret, Seth magnum fecit convivium ( banquet ) et
invitavit Osiridem et uxorem eius Isidem. Cum omnes
cibos bonos comederent in hoc convivio, Seth surrexit
et dixit, “Audite me, amici mei! Volo magnum dare
vobis donum (gift)\ Videte hanc arcam (box, coffin)
egregiam irf qua homo mortuus poni potest. Uni ex
vobis volo hanc arcam dare. Si quis ex vobis earn habere
vult, i6ceat (lie) in hac area. Ille cui aptissima (best
fitting) est, earn habebit!”

Omnes qui convivio aderant voluerunt iacere in hac
area. Necesse enim est ut corpus mortui hominis serve-
tur—alioquin (otherwise) ka eius vivere non potest.
Inter alios, Osiris in hac area iacuit. Et area ei aptissima
erat! Sed Seth et amici eius celeriter arcam clauserunt, et
illam in flumen Nilum iecerunt. Itaque haec area, in
qua erat Osiris, portata est (wascarried) aquis in mare,
et in mari portata est in quandam urbem Phoeniciae
quae Byblos vocabatur. Ibi area in terra iacta est, et
arbor (tree) magna circa earn crevit (grew).

Sed quid fecit Isis? Isis audivit ubi corpus Osiridis
esset, et in Phoenician! venit. Ibi regem Phoeniciae
rogavit ut corpus Osiridis liceret portare (carry) iterum
in Aeg^ptum. Rex permisit ei hoc facere. Sed Seth
audivit Osiridem iterum esse in Aegypto. Itaque venit et
corpus eius in quatuordecim (14) partes scidit (cut).”
Sed iam tempus est ut discedamus. Audiemus te de hac
re eras.

English to Latin

1. You are being sold to the Egyptians. 2. I am being
led to a strange land. 3. If anyone questions you, say,
“We are following Joseph.” 4. He asks whether anyone
wishes to see him. 5. Pharao will take away your head
and the birds will feed on it (abl. alone). 6. He asked
whether anyone would forget Joseph. 7. Because the
king loves Joseph, we will remain in this land.

Scramble Exercise

Non solum homines qui in carcere sunt somnia videre
possunt. Ipse enim Pharao nocte quadam duo somnia
quae omnes in terra Aeg^pti vates non possent inter-
pretari (deponent verb) vidit. His somniis visis, Pharao
territus est, sed virum qui interpretari posset in carcere
esse nescivit. Iosephi enim pincerna cuius somnium olim
in carcere explicaverat oblitus erat.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SECUNDA

De prima et secunda persona in indicativo passivo futuro
De casu vocativo

Ph&rao, rex Aegypti vocdverat omnes vates in terra Aegypti, ut interpre-
tarentur somnia sua. Sed non poterant. Turn pincema cuius somnium
Iosephus interpreters erat recorders est Iosephi, qui adhuc erat in
c&rcere, et locutus est Pharaoni, “Domine mi rex, liceat mihi eiiquid loqui.
Servus tuus olim erat in cdrcere, et etiam somnium somniavi. Sed mecum in
carcere erat puer Hebraeus, qui recte explicavit somnium mihi. Ego
polHcitus sum quod record^rer eius—sed oblitus sum. Ille poterit inter¬
preted somnium regis. Habet enim magnam sapientiam a Deo.”

Rex ergo praecepit ut Iosephus adduceretur ad se. Cum Iosephus staret
coram rege, Phdrao narr&vit ei duo somnia. Et Iosephus respondit: “Duo
somnia regis re vera unum sunt. Deus enim ostendere vult ea quae venient
in terra Aegypti. Septem boves pulchrae et septem spicae plenae sunt
septem anni ubertatis. Sed septem boves exiles et septem spicae exiles,
septem anni famis sunt. Et hi anni hoc ordine implebuntur: Ecce primum
venient septem anni fertilititis magnae in universa terra Aegypti: quos
sequentur septem anni tantae sterilit&tis ut oblivioni tradetur cuncta
abund&ntia praeterita. Fames enim consumet omnem terram, et magni-
tudo inopiae perdet magnitudinem ubertatis. Deus misit duo somnia tibi,
ut ostenderet finnitdtem consilii sui—quia haec omnia sine 41iquo dubio
venient super terram hanc. Nunc ergo provideat rex virum sapientem et
industrium, et praeficiat eum terrae Aegypti. Et hie vir praeficiat dlios
viros per cunctas regiones. Et servetur quinta pars ( Vs ) fructuum per
septem annos fertilititis. Et omne frumentum sit sub potestate Pharaonis,
et servetur in urbibus. Hoc modo praeparetur futurae fami septem an-
norum, ne consumetur terra Aegypti.” (Continuabitur eras)

tum-then

interpretdri ( deponent ) -
interpret

Domine mi-my Lord

somnikre-dream

recte-rightly

pollicitus-promised

pTaecipere-command

sapientia-wisdom

adducer t-lead to

plenus -full

ubcTtas-fertility

impltTt-fulfill

oblivio-forgetfulness

ixadtrt-give over

cunctus -all

praeteritus-part

inopia -need

perder ^-destroy

providere-prov/Vfe

s^piens-wwe

praeficere-pwt in charge of

V OCABULARIUM

adducere, duxit, ductus- thing (praefecit Iose-
-lead to, influence phum urbi)

polliceri, pollicitus est- tr^dere, trididit, tr&ditus-

promise hand over

[praecipiunt], praecipere, inopia, a -need
praecepit, praeceptus- plenus, a, um -full
command sapientia, a -wisdom

[praeficiunt], praeficere, magna ubertas, ubertite-
fecit, fectus-put some- fertility, richness
one in charge of some- turn -then

Nunc Cogitemus

First and Second Person Future Indicative Pas¬
sive: Our short stick here works again reasonably well.

But, just as in the present passives, so too here there
are two forms, in circles, where it does not fit perfectly:

tenebi

(e ris)

ns;
tur
mur
mini

audie

tur

mur

mini

ris

pone

tur

mur

mini

Then we recall that we already know the third plurals:
amabuntur tenebuntur ponentur capientur audientur
So, we have to learn only five forms:
amdbor tenebor ponar cdpiar audiar
and to note the two irregulars: amdberis and teneberis.

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We have, therefore, a total of three irregular second
singulars in the passive: two presents: poneris and
caperis, and one future, pardberis (or teneberis, vide-
beris, same thing).

Are any of these forms spelled the same as any other
form we know? Yes—the future second singular poneris
looks like the present second singular poneris: but the
accent is different. The future is pronounced poneris;
the present poneris.

Vocative Case: When we call someone by name, we
use the vocative case. Most nouns have no special form
for the vocative—so we use the nominative. Only in the
singular of the second declension do we have special
forms, thus:

nouns: ending in -us — e. For example, Marce,
Domine

ending in -ius — i. For example, Porci (in
Marcus Porcius Cato )

adjectives: Both forms in -ius and forms in -us use
-e. For example, bone.

Notice the one odd adjective form, mi, as in: Domine
mi Rex —My Lord King. Learn all easily: O mi egregie
et bone Marce Porci!

N.B. Deus never changes.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Iosephus ex carcere in Aegypto ductus est, et nunc
coram Pharaone stat. Pharao loquitur, “Iosephe, veni
ad me.” “Quid vis a me, Domine mi Rex?” “Servus
meus dicit quod tu conaberis interpretationem somni-
orum meorum dare. Si poteris, non solum a carcere
liberaberis, sed a me honoraberis.” Cumque Iosephus
Regi explicavisset de fame futura, Rex dixit: “Si septem
anni famis in hanc terram venient, omnes moriemur.”
Iosephus autem respondit, “Si consilium meum seque-
mini, servabimini et non moriemini. Praeficiat Rex
virum qui frumentum servet per annos fertilitatis sub
potestate tua.” Et Rex dixit, “Consilium tuum mihi
placet—tu vocaberis Salvator ( Savior ) mundi.”

Velimus Audire Plura de Osiride

lam audfvimus ab amfco nostro Ptahotep quo modo
Seth corpus mortui Osfridis invenit, quern Isis e Phoe¬
nicia reportaverat (had carried back). “Seth scidit
corpus Osiridis in quatuordecim partes, et sparsit (scat¬
tered) partes per terram ad flumen Nilum.” Sed quare

Seth fecit hoc? “Nescio, sed probabiliter ne Osiris posset
esse immortalis—homo enim non potest esse immortalis
sine corpore. Seth enim magno odit odio.

Sed dei boni sunt. Non semper permittunt malis ut
omnia quae volunt faciant. Ergo magnus deus Ra (qui
est sol) duos alios deos misit, id est, Thoth et Anubem
(Anubis). Hi dei quatuordecim partes mortui Osiridis
invenerunt, et partes eius per artem magicam com-
posuerunt (put together). Turn Isis aperuit os eius (his
mouth) et vanno (fan) flavit (blew) spiritum in os eius.
Hoc modo Osiris vitam recepit—sed non vitam huius
mundi: Osiris enim in sepulchro remansit. Deus mor-
tuorum est.”

Qui manet in sepulchro non videtur nobis esse deus.
Sed quo modo nunc fit rex Osiris? “Rex per magicas
artes fit Osiris. Olim plebs Aegyptiaca has artes nescie-
bat. Sed nunc omnes sciunt. Ergo per magicas artes,
omnes nos fiemus Osiris post mortem.”

Turn Ptahotep, non sine superbia, etiam dixit, “Ipse
etiam fiam Osiris!” Poteratne Osiris vindictam sumere
(get revenge) de Seth? “Osiris et Isis filium habuerunt,
cuius nomen erat Horus. Ille Horus post mortem Osiri¬
dis natus est. Sed Horus vicit Seth, et regnum sibi ac-
cepit. Insuper, Horus olim auxilium dedit etiam magno
deo Ra. Quam propter causam, Horus in navi solis
sedere potest. Omni nocte, haec navis solis navigat in
Nilo quae sub terra est. Horus in navi sedet omni nocte,
et defendit Ra a monstris quae sub terra sunt.”

English to Latin

1. We will be saved by Joseph. 2. You will be led into
Pharao’s house. 3. You (plural) will be restored to
your place. 4. You and your friends will forget me.
5. We will not be killed, for the King loves us. 6.1 will
not delay but will set out swiftly. 7. If he asks anything,
I will promise to do it.

Scramble Exercise

Iosephum interpretatum (participle of interpretari)
somnium praefecit Pharao omni terrae Aegypti. Ille
autem explicaverat de septem annis ubertatis futuris, et
de septem aliis annis famis futuris. Ut ostenderet firmi-
tatem consfli sui misit Deus Pharaoni duo quae eandem
significationem haberent somnia. Homfnibus universae
terrae praecepit Iosephus ut frumentum servaretur in
urbibus sub Pharaonis potestate.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA TERTIA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Consilium Iosephi placuit Pharaoni et omnibus minfstris eius. Pharao
ltaque locutus est ad eos, “Ubi invenire poterimus talem virum, qui
spfritu Dei plenus sit?” Dixitque Pharao Iosepho, “Quia ostendit tibi Deus
omnia, quae locutus est, numquid sapientiorem virum invenire potero?
Tu eris super domum meam, et ad tui oris imperium, omnis populus
obediet: uno tantum regni solio te praecedam. Ecce, constitui te super
universam terram Aegypti.”

Pharao tulit anulum de manu sua, et dedit eum in manum Iosephi,
vestimentaque meliora dedit ei. Fecitque eum ascendere super currum
suum secundum, clamante praecone, ut omnes sciant Iosephum secundam
habere potestatem universae terrae Aegypti. Pharao etiam vertit nomen
Iosephi, et vocavit eum lingua Aegyptiaca “Saphaneth-phanee.” (Nesci-
mus significationem huius nominis. Scientia enim linguae Aegyptiacae
adhuc imperfecta est. Sanctus Hieronymus putabat hoc nomen probabiliter
significare “Salvator mundi.”)

Iosephus erat triginta annorum quando stetit ante Pharaonem. Post
haec, Iosephus circumivit omnes regiones Aegypti. Venitque fertilitas
septem annorum, cum magna abundantia omnium frumentorum. Tanta-
que fuit abundantia frumenti, ut arenae maris coaequaretur. Iubente
Iosepho, multa frumenta posita sunt in horrea Aegypti, ut servarentur in
annis fertilitatis magnae. Venerunt etiam quos Iosephus praedixerat sep¬
tem alii anni magnae famis. Etiam in aliis terris fames valde magna erat.
(Continuabitur eras)

sapientior-wi'ser
os, or e-mouth
tantum -only

numquid-num ( see Lesson 58)

solium -throne

praecedere-fce ahead

constituit-sel up

anulus-rmg

cuTTUS-chariot

clamar e-cry

praeco -herald

verto -change, turn

salvator-sav/or

circumire-go around

dcctndi-sand

coaequar t-make equal
horreum-ftarn

Vocabularium

circumfre, fit, ‘iturus-

vertere, vertit, versus-

go around

turn, change, translate

constituere, stftuit.

horreum, o -barn

stitutus-ser up, decide,

magnum os, or e-mouth

determine

bonus praeco, praecone-

praecedere, cessit.

herald

*cessurus-go before

tantum-on/y

Videamus Formas Veteres

Review of all Passives:

1. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect pas¬
sive simply use the passive participle with the suitable
form (present, imperfect, or future) of the verb esse.

2. That leaves us with the simple tenses: present,
imperfect, and future.

a) The present and imperfect subjunctive, and the

imperfect indicative merely use the full stick: r, ris, tur,
mur, mini, ntur.

b) The present and future indicatives use the short-
stick, ris, tur, mur, mini except for three second singular
forms:

Present of third conjugation: poneris and caperis
Future of first and second conjugation: amaberis
(teneberis ). We already knew the third plurals:
present: amantur tenentur ponuntur capiuntur
audiuntur

future: amabuntur tenebuntur ponentur capientur
audientur

So we had to memorize only the first singulars:
present: amor teneor ponor capior audior
future: amabor tenebor ponar capiar audiar
Practice: 1. How do you say, in the indicative: you
are loved, you were being loved, you will be loved, you
have been loved, you had been loved, you will have been
loved; and in the subjunctive: you are loved, you were
being loved, you have been loved, you had been loved.

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—Now make the same forms for tenere, ducere, capere,
audire.

2. How do you say, in the indicative: we are being
killed, we were being killed, we shall be killed, we have
been killed, we had been killed, we shall have been
killed; and in the subjunctive: we are being killed, we
were being killed, we have been killed, we had been
killed. Now make the same forms for amare, videre,
ponere, audire.

3. Give the vocative of: Marcus Porcius Cato, Quin¬
tus Servilius, good lamb.

BE SURE TO USE THE PATTERN TAPE FOR THIS LESSON.

Adhuc Plura de Rebus Aegyptiacis

Viri Hebraici duo, amici nostri, quodam die in terra
Aegypti ambulabant ( were walking). Fere hoc modo
unus ad alterum locutus est, “Ea quae Ptahotep nobis
de Osiride et de regibus Aegypti narrabat, sunt mirabflia
(wonderful). Sed non possum talia credere. Non enim
facile est credere ilia. Insuper prophetae nostri veritatem
nobis dicunt: unum tantum esse Deum. Ergo certum
est quod rex Aegypti re vera non est deus. Probabiliter
quidam ex illis regibus mali sunt. Hodie si videbimus
Ptahotep, interrogabimus eum de hac re. Sed ecce—ibi
ille est. Ptahotep! Veni ad nos. Volumus plura a te de
terra tua audire.

Ptahotep non odit de terra sua loqui, et de se. Celeri-
ter cucurrit (ran) ad amicos nostros, “Quid vultis amici
mei? Forsan vos etiam vultis esse Osiris post mortem?”
Hoc non volumus. Sed die nobis de magnis regibus
Aegypti. Tu dicis eos esse deos. Nos, qui Hebraei sumus,
credimus, sicut scis, solummodo unum Deum esse. Sed
nunc ne de quaestione ilia loquamur. Habemus aliam
quaestionem: suntne omnes reges Aegypti boni? “Oti-
que, amici mei—qui enim deus est, quomodo potest non
bonus esse?” Ergo omnes reges Aegyptiaci crediderunt
narrationem de Osiride veram esse? “Hoc non nego—

non omnes reges haec crediderunt.” (Continuabitur
eras)

English to Latin

1. Will you promise to save Egypt? 2. I will attempt to
do that. 3. He put grain into the barns so that we might
be saved. 4. We know why you have been put into prison.
5. Having given him a ring, Pharao set Joseph over the
whole land. 6. But the king himself did not have the
grain; he ordered them to follow Joseph. 7. You are
being sold because we hate you.

Scramble Exercise

Iosephi nomen a Pharaone in aliud nomen versum est.
Nomen novum eius erat: Saphaneth-phanee. Huius
verbi significationem cum sit in lingua Aegyptiaca quae
quibusdam viris modernis nota est, nescimus. Cum enim
multa de hac lingua noverint, nihilominus adhuc quae-
dam quae interpretari non possunt remanent. Salva-
torem mundi hoc nomen signiheare putavit Sanctus
Hieronymus (Jerome).

PSITTACUS ET MAGUS
(The Parrot and the Magician)

Quidam bonus magus laborabat in magna navi transat-
lantica. Omni nocte ostendebat artem suam aliis qui iter
faciebant in hac navi. Sed psittacus, cuius dominus
nauta erat, semper ridebat (laughed), “Ille re vera non
est magus! Nihil enim potest facere evanescere (vanish)
nisi cerevisiam (beer)." Ilia nocte venit tempestas
(storm) magna in mari. Navis in qua amici nostri erant
mersa est (was sunk). Sed magus et psittacus servati
sunt, tenentes tabulam (a plank). Cum ergo illi iam in
aquis essent, psittacus dixit, “Awk. Concedo (I admit)
te esse bonum magum—sed quid fecisti navi?”

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA QUARTA

De indicativo futuro perfecto et de subiunctivo perjecto
De formis passivis modi imperativi

Septem anni magnae famis iam aderant. Homines venerunt ad regem, cla-
mantes se non habere cibum. Pharao autem dicebat, “Ite ad Ioseph: et
quidquid ille vobis dixerit, facite.” fitiam in terra Chanaan, in qua habita-
bat Iacob, pater Iosephi, fames venit. Ille ergo misit decern ex filiis suis in
Aegyptum ut emerent frumentum. Benjamin autem, filium suum mini¬
mum, non misit in Aegyptum ne quid mali accideret ei.

Decern filii Iacob venerunt in Aegyptum, et viderunt Iosephum. Sed non
sciverunt eum esse fratrem suum. Forsan putaverunt eum iam mortuum
esse. Iosephus ipse scivit fratres sed, ut probaret eos, non dixit se esse
fratrem eorum. Interrogavit eos, “A qua terra venistis?” Qui responderunt,
“A terra Chanaan, ut emamus quae necessaria sunt. Omnes nos filii unius
viri sumus. Pater noster duodecim fflios habuit, e quibus decern venimus,
minimus cum patre nostro est, et alius non iam super terram est.”

Iosephus autem simulabat se suspicari eos, “Re vera vos exploratores
estis—ut videatis munitiones terrae huius venistis.” Et misit eos in car-
cerem. Post tres dies eduxit eos e carcere et dixit eis, “Facite quae dixi, et
vivetis: Deum enim timeo. Si pacifici estis, frater vester unus ligetur in
carcere: vos autem abite, et ferte frumenta quae emistis in domos vestras,
et fratrem vestrum minimum ad me adducite ut possim vestros probare
sermones, et non moriamini.”

Fratres ergo locuti sunt ad invicem, “Merito haec patimur, quia pecca-
vimus in fratrem nostrum. Ergo venit super nos haec tribulatio.” E quibus
unus, Ruben, dixit, “Nonne dixi vobis: Nolite peccare in puerum, et non
audivistis me? Ecce, sanguis eius exquiritur.”

Fratres autem nesciebant quod intelligeret Iosephus, quia per inter-
pretem loqueretur ad eos. Iosephus autem flevit, et mox reversus est ad eos.
Iosephus iussit Simeonem ligari, illis praesentibus, et etiam iussit pecuniam
poni in saccis eorum.

Cum in via essent, viderunt pecuniam esse in saccis suis. Et timuerunt
multum. (Continuabiturcras)

quidquid-w/ia/ever
minimus-Zea^/
simulate-pretend
suspicari -suspect
explorator-j'py
pacificus -peaceful
iene-carry!
abire-go away
sermo-word
merito -rightly
pati -suffer
peccar e-sin
exquirer e-demand
interpres-interpreter
fler e-weep
saccus -sack

VOCABULARIUM

abire, iit, *iturus-go

bonus explorator, ore-

away

spy,scout

Here, flevit, fletus -weep

minimus, a, um -least,

patiuntur, pati, passus

smallest

est -suffer

bonus sermo, on e-word,

peccare, avit, atus-sin

conversation
merito -deserv ingly

Nunc Cogitemus

Future Perfect Indicative Active: To form this
tense we use the second part of the verb, the perfect
active. Merely remove the third singular ending -it and

substitute:

ero

erimus

eris

eritis

erit

erint

Circuluslatinus.org

parav ero
Thus: eris

erit

parav

erimus

eritis

erint

Notice that these endings are the same as the future of
esse except that the third plural future perfect has -erint
instead of -erunt.

Translation: I shall have prepared, you will have
prepared, he will have prepared.

interrogavit, “Pater, quid faciemus si Rex noluerit fru-
mentum vendere?” Cui Iacob respondit, “Ferte pecu-
niam multam vobiscum, et loquimini illi de magna fame
in terra nostra. Sed praecipue ( especially ) orate ad Deum
nostrum. Si nos omnia quae possumus fecerimus, ille
nos non relinquet.”

Sed in Aegypto Iosephus primum simulat se eos non
novisse, et interrogat eos num contra Aegyptum
venerint.

Perfect Subjunctive Active: In spelling, all forms
are the same as the future perfect indicative, except for
the first singular—the subjunctive has -erim, not -ero.
But the accent of the subjunctive is different in some
few forms, as follows:

Future Perfect Indicative Perfect Subjunctive

paraverimus paraverimus

paraveritis paraveritis

Use of the Perfect Subjunctive: We have already
seen this (for the perfect passive) in Lesson 57. But
here it is again: it is ordinarily found only in dependent
clauses, when the main verb refers to present or future
time. The general sense will show the difference between
present and perfect subjunctive, in English to Latin.
Study the following pair, one having the present, one
having perfect subjunctive:

Rogat ex qua terra venerint. Rogat ubi sint.

He asks from what land they have come. He asks
where they are.

Imperative Passive: In the singular, the forms are the
same as the active infinitive endings. Thus:

amare, habere, ponere, capere, audire

beloved! be had! be put! (etc.)

In the plural, the forms are the same as the second
plural present indicative passive. Thus: paramini,
habemini, ponimini, capimini, audimini.

Deponent verbs will use the same endings as above,
including the singular forms that seem like active in¬
finitives. Thus:

loquere—speak!
loquimini—speak!

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Iacob filios suos ad se vocavit, dixitque eis, “Nisi emeri-
tis frumentum nobis in Aegypto, omnes nos moriemur.
Proficiscimini ergo celeriter.” Unus ex filiis eius eum

De Rege Aegypti Haeretico

Deinde Ptahotep rem novam dixit, “Re vera, unus ex
regibus nostris olim factus est haereticus!” Haereticus!
Hoc valde mirabile est. “Otique—nomen eius fuit
Amenhotep quartus. Sed ille rex significationem huius
nominis non amavit—nomen enim significat, ‘Satis est
pro Amen.’ Mutavit itaque nomen suum, et se vocavit
‘Ikhnaton’—quod significat, ‘Ille qui agit pro Aton.’
Aton enim est sol. Ikhnaton dixit quod Aton erat solus
Deus. Hoc modo similis vobis Hebraeis erat.” Nos sci-
mus solumodo unum verum Deum esse, sed non possu¬
mus dicere quod sol est solus Deus. Sol enim non solum
non solus deus est, sed etiam sol omnino non est Deus.
Deus enim verus videri oculis (eyes) mortalibus non
potest. Sed si Aton est sol—nonne etiam Ra est sol, et
Horus est filius solis? “Otique, veritatem dixistis—sed
diversis (various) modis illi sunt sol. Sed, utrevertamur
ad quaestionem nostram—Ikhnaton dixit solum Aton
deum esse. Ergo omnes alii dei, secundum ilium, non
sunt re vera dei. Re vera non sunt. Sequitur ut Osiris non
sit deus, et nos omnes, qui putamus nos fieri Osiridem
post mortem, nihil erimus. Quam propter causam,
omnes boni Aegyptiaci noluerunt verbis Ikhnaton cre¬
dere. Ikhnaton Aton colebat, sed omnes alii colebant
Ikhnaton et alios deos multos.” Ikhnaton itaque se esse
deum non putavit? “Otique. Videtisne omnes has statuas
regum antiquorum? Nonne videtis divinam maiestatem
(majesty) in faciebus (faces) eorum? Sed Ikhnaton
iussit statuas picturasque de se fieri aliis modis. In his
statuis Ikhnaton non videtur esse deus. Videtur esse
homo aeger. Sed iam tempus est ut discedam. Narrabo
vobis plura de hoc rege eras.”

English to Latin

1. He asks us why we have attempted to conquer Egypt.

2. We really have not come here to conquer the country,
but to buy grain. 3. Since he has warned us, we ought
to fear him. 4. We suffer these things deservingly, since
we sold our brother. 5. Joseph left so that he might weep.
6.1 will ask him why Ikhnaton wished to destroy all the

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other gods. 7. So that they would not know him, Joseph
spoke to them through an interpreter.

Scramble Exercise

Fr&tribus per int6rpretem loquitur Ios6phus suis inter-

rogdtque eos qua ex terra v6nerint et quid habere velint.
Et iussit eos, “Loquimini mihi de omnibus quae vultis
veritatem et par&mini ut faciatis omnia quae vobis
dixerim. Cum enim multis videamini viri boni esse, mihi
exploratores esse vid6mini. Ut bellum contra nos faciatis
venfstis.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA QUINTA

De participiis futuris passivis
De casu obiectivo spatii et temporis

Novem fratres Iosephi, pecunia rep6rta in saccis, timuerunt accedere ad
patrem suum. Timebant etiam de salute Simeonis, quern Iosephus coegit
manere in Aegypto. Itaque, dolentes accesserunt ad patrem suum, et
narraverunt ei omnia quae accfderant eis in Aegypto. Omnibus audftis,
Iacob doluit vehementer et flevit. Praesertim nolebat mittere Beniamin
cum eis in Aeg^ptum, sicut Iosephus mandaverat. Noluit amittere Beni¬
amin, sicut olim Iosephum amiserat. At necesse erat emere frumentum, ne
omnes perfrent. Itaque, magno cum metu, permisit eis ut redirent in
Aegyptum cum Beniamin. Misit etiam cum eis multa egregia dona.

Cum eos vidisset, Iosephus mandavit servis suis ut cenam pararent.
Fratres autem territi sunt, dicentes, “Hie vir vult facere omnes nos servos
suos, propter pecuniam quam reperuimus in saccis nostris.” Venerunt ita¬
que ad dispensatorem domus Iosephi, et narraverunt ei de pecunia reperta
in saccis. At ille dixit eis, “Pax vobiscum, nolite timere: Deus vester, et
Deus patris vestri dedit vobis pecuniam in saccis vestris. Nam pecuniam
quam dedistis mihi accepi.” Eduxitque ad eos Simeon. Deinde duxit eos in
domum et dedit eis aquam ut lavarent pedes suos. Postea Iosephus ipse
venit et interrogavit eos, “Vivitne adhuc pater vester? Qui responderunt,
“tJtique, pater noster, servus tuus, adhuc vivit.” At cum Iosephus vidisset
Beniamin, non potuit se continere, sed discessit in cubiculum suum et
flevit. (Continuabitur eras)

rep6rtus-/ownd

diCCtdtTt-approach

salus-^a/e/y

man6re-remain

dol6re-grieve

vehementer -greatly

amittCTt-lose

at -but

metus -fear

donum-g//r

etna-dinner

dispensator-j/eward

lav£re-wa.y/i

pes -foot

contintre-restrain

cubiculum-bedroom

VOCABULARIUM

accedere, cessit.

manere, mansit.

*cessurus-£<? to,

* mansurus-remam

approach

reperire, reperuit,

amittere, misit, missus-

repertus-/ind, find

lose

out

dolere, doluit, *doliturus-

metus, u -fear

grieve, be pained

mill t-thousand (see below)

mandare, avit, atus-

bona salus, salutt-safety.

entrust, command

salvation

at -but

Nunc Cogitemus

Future Passive Participle: It is formed on the first
part of the verb, using the ending -ndus, with the same
connective vowels as in the imperfect indicative. There¬
fore, we could take any imperfect form, e.g., third
singular, remove the -bat, add -ndus. The participle has
all the endings of bonus: Thus:

parandus, habendus, ponendus, capiendus, audiendus

How is it used? It expresses obligation. Study this sam¬
ple:

Hoc est faciendum mihi.

This is to be done by me.

Therefore, we might make a crude but simple transla¬
tion formula, which will work with all normal examples:
to be plus the third part (participle) of the English
verb.

Notice in the above example that we use the dative for
the agent —ordinarily we use ab with the ablative for
such ideas, but not with the future passive participle.

Notice also that this future passive participle nor¬
mally comes with a linking verb —that is, the verb to be
or any other verb that behaves in the same way, such as:
to seem, to be called, etc.

Now notice that Hoc est faciendum mihi could be
translated: / must do it.

Therefore, the dative would become the English subject,
and we would insert must before the English verb. With
that in mind, we could translate an odd sort of example

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because some verbs that have no passive in English
can be used in this construction in Latin, thus:
Veniendum est mihi. Eiindum est tibi.

I must come. You must go.

We could not say: “It is to be corned by me”—but we
can soon learn to jump at once to say: I must come.

This construction is really very handy, once one gets
used to it. But we will need some practice (and will get
it).

Objective Case of Extent of Space and Time:
The objective case without any preposition can indicate
extent. Study these examples:

Erat in carcere tres dies.

He was in prison for three days.

Venerunt tria millia passuum.

They came three miles (literally: three thousands of
paces).

Mille: The word mille, meaning a thousand, is peculiar.
In the singular, to mean one thousand, it is not de¬
clined, and acts like an adjective agreeing with a noun.
Thus:

mille viri—a thousand men
But when it means more than one thousand, it be¬
comes a third declension neuter noun, with a word in the
possessive depending upon it. Thus:

tria millia virorum—three thousand men (literally: 3
thousands of men). It is sometimes spelled: milia instead
of millia.

Nunc Exerceamus Nos

Iacob, pater duodecim filiorum, dixit filiis suis, “Fames
magna iam venit in terram nostram. Sed audivi frumen-
tum esse in Aegypto. Quid ergo faciendum est nobis?
Frumentum emendum est in Aegypto. Discedendum est
vobis, et in Aegyptum est eundum ( from ire) vobis.
Dona bona sunt ferenda vobis ad regem terrae illius,
ut ille det vobis sufhcientiam omnium bonorum. Non
revertendum est vobis sine frumento.” Ad quae Simeon
respondit, “Pater mi, omnia quae dicis nobis facienda
sunt. Et nos ea faciemus celeriter. Plura verba nunc non
sunt dicenda. Statim discedemus.”

Plura de Ikhnaton

Proximo die Hebraei nostri iterum amicum suum
Ptahotep viderunt. Sine mora (delay) ille ad eos venit,
quia multa adhuc remanebant dicenda de rege haeretico.

Quibus interrogantibus, Ptahotep respondit, “Ikhna-
ton non conversus est ab haeresi sua. Mortuus est in
impietate sua. Post regnum breve regis Smenkh-ka-Re,
factus est rex alius vir—vel, ut veritatem dicam—puer.
Novus enim rex adhuc puer erat cum in solium Aegypti
veniret. Nomen huius regis fuit Tutankhaton. Signi-
ficatio huius nominis vobis clara est—vos enim linguam
nostram scitis—significat ‘Imago viva de Aton.’ Hunc
regem, cum puer adhuc esset, sacerdotes magni dei
Amen coegerunt relinquere vanam religionem Aton, et
redire ad deum magnum. Amen. Hoc modo ‘Amen’
scriptus est religioni Aton. Et nomen regis mutatum est
in Tutankhamen—cuius significationem facile videre
potestis. Ille paucos regnavit annos et mortuus est.”

English to Latin

1. There are many things to be done. 2. Why do we
have to go to Egypt? 3. We shall have to go for many
days and many miles. 4. But we must have grain—or
we shall all die. 5. The Egyptians thought that the re¬
ligion of Aton was to be destroyed. 6. It follows that
Osiris also is not a god. 7. Ikhnaton did not think that
he himself should be worshipped.

Scramble Exercise

Multa millia passuum iter fecerant Iosephi fratres
antequam in saccis pecuniam invenerunt. Qua inventa
multum dolueruntdixeruntque,“Quid faciendum nobis?
Revertendum ad virum magnum ilium in Aegyptum?
An in terram nostram? Ducendus erit nobis ad eum
etiam frater minimus quern pater amat Beniamin?
Dolendum erit patri nostro si ille ducendus est.”

Psittachus (a parrot) sub aulaeo ferreo
(iron curtain)

Quodam die in Hungaria, miles Russicus superbus in
tabernam (tavern) venit ut biberet (drink) Vodkam.
Et cum biberet, vidit, et etiam audivit psittachum.
Psittachus saepe dicebat, “Mors Communistis! (Com-
munista, a -Communist) Mors Communistis!” Miles
vehementer iratus est haec verba audiens, dixitque
cauponi (caupo, one-tavern-keeper): “Cras (tomor¬
row) iterum in hanc tabernam veniam—si psittachus ille
adhuc in hoc loco est—mors tibi et psittacho!” Caupo
timuit multum. Cum ergo Communista discessisset,
caupo, tollens psittachum suum, cum dolore ivit ad
sacerdotem, explicavitque ei difficultatem suam. Cui
sacerdos respondit, “Fili mi (my son), nulla difficul-

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tas est. Ego etiam psittachum h&beo. Dabo tibi psitta-
chum meum, et tuum accipiam.” Reversus est itaque
caupo, cum psittacho sacerdotis. Proximo die, cum
novus psittachus in taberna esset, idem miles Russicus
in tabernam venit, bibitque Vodkam. Cumque biberet,
semper psittachum spect&bat, exspectab&tque audire,

“Mors Communistis!” Psittachus autem haec verba non
dixit. Tandem (finally), cum multam Vodkam bibisset,
et nullum verbum ex psittacho audivisset, miles in ira
dixit psittacho, “Euge, euge (come on )—Mors Com¬
munistis!” Et psittachus celeriterrespondit ei: “Dominus
det (from dare) tibi id quod rogas, fili mi!”

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SEXTA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Itaque findecim fratres cenam cum Iosepho habuerunt, sed non cognove-
runt eum esse fratrem suum. Cogitabant eum esse virum Aegyptiacum qui
magnam habfibat auctoritatem. Sed etsi hi fratres olim voluerant nocere
Iosepho, hie noluit nocere eis. Insuper, Iosephus dedit eis multa bona
mfinera, sed dedit maxima mfinera Beniamin. Et iam tempus erat ut
discederent. Iosephus itaque iussit ministros suos implere saccos eorum
frumento. Sed etiam iussit peefiniam clam poni in saccis omnium, et in
sacco Beniamin, poni scyphum suum argenteum.

Cumque fratres iam iter facerent in terram suam, misit Iosephus servos
suos post eos. Qui, consequentes fratres, accusaverunt eos, dicentes unum
ex eis cepisse scyphum argenteum. Fratres deposuerunt saccos in quibus
frumenta portabant, eosque aperuerunt. Ecce in ore sacci Beniamin in¬
ventus est scyphus argenteus Iosephi!

Omnes territi sunt. Reversi sunt ad domum Iosephi. Cumque vidissent
eum, se in terram ante pedes eius proiecerunt dixeruntque, “Ecce, omnes
servi erimus tibi domino nostro.” Sed Iosephus respondit, “Nullo modo ita
fiat, sed is qui cepit scyphum meum—ille sit servus meus. Ceteri discedatis
ad patrem vestrum.” Iudas itaque, accedens ad Iosephum, voluit clam loqui
cum eo, dixitque, “Domine mi, loquatur servus tuus verbum tecum. Ne
irascaris servo tuo. Ego pollicitus sum patri nostro quod servarem vitam
huius pfieri. Pater enim noster amat eum amore magno. Nisi puer reversus
erit ad patrem nostrum, pater morietur. Da mihi ut maneam hie, et sim
servus tuus pro eo.” (Continuabitur eras)

etna-dinner
cognovit -learned
cogilart-t hink
auctoritas-authority
t\s\-although
nocert-harm (with dat .)
munus -gift
clam -secretly
scyphus-cup
argenteus -silver
consequi -catch
portare-curry
pes -foot
proiecit -threw
ctith-the rest

VOCABULARIUM

cogitare, avit, atus -think *nociturus-/ju/7n (with

cognoscere, novit, notus- dat.)

learn (and therefore portare, avit, atus-carry

the perfect means : magna auctoritas, tate-

know) authority, influence

consequi, consecutus est- bonum munus, mfinere-
follow up, overtake, duty, gift

accomplish clam -secretly

nocere, nocuit, etsi-even if, although

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Give the future perfect indicative active of: praece-
dere, cogitdre, nocere. 2. Give future perfect indicative
passive of: cognoscere, flere, manddre. 3. Give perfect
subjunctive active of: manere, accedere, dolere. 4. Give
perfect subjunctive passive of: reperire, amittere, con-

stituere. 5. Give the present imperative passive of:
amittere, reperire, vertere.

Review of Principles of Subjunctive Tense Use:
Now that we know all four tenses of the subjunctive, let
us make our information more exact on when to use
them. Their use is controlled by a law called sequence
of tenses ( consecutio temporum). But it is very easy.

ALL THIS LAW DOES IS TO TELL US WHICH TWO SUB¬
JUNCTIVE TENSES WE MUST PICK FROM (IN A DE¬
PENDENT CLAUSE) ACCORDING TO WHICH TIME THE
MAIN VERB IS IN. So—

1. If the main verb refers to anything but past time
(that is, to present or future)—we pick from present
or perfect subjunctive in the dependent clause. Gen¬
eral sense tells which to pick.

2. If the main verb refers to past time—we pick from
imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive in the dependent
clause. Again, general sense tells which to pick.

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Here is a set of samples, to show each combination.

1. Cum Caesar haec sciat, non vult venire.

Although Caesar knows these things, he does not
want to come.

Cum Caesar Galliam vicerit, Romani laeti sunt.
Since Caesar has conquered Gaul, the Romans are
glad.

2. Cum Caesar haec sciret, non voluit venire.
Although Caesar knew these things, he did not want
to come.

Cum Caesar Galliam vicisset, Romani laeti erant.
Since Caesar had conquered Gaul, the Romans were
glad.

(Note: The two examples under 1 are said to be in
primary sequence, because they follow a main
verb referring to present or future. The two ex¬
amples under number 2 are said to be in sec¬
ondary sequence, because they follow a main
verb referring to the past .)

Pharao Vult Audire de Vita Iosephi

Quodam die, Pharao cum Iosepho in palatio loquebatur,
“Audivi de te, quod servus eras antequam somnium
meum interpretatus es. Quis vendidit te ut servus esses?”
Cui respondit Iosephus: “Domine mi rex, quia tu im-
peras, veritas dicenda est. Quodam die dixerat pater
meus mihi: ‘Eundum tibi. Videndum si omnia bona sint
cum fratribus tuis. Cum videris eos, et inveneris omnia
bona esse, redeundum ad me.’ Revera fratres meos time-
barn. Me enim oderunt. Dixi enim in corde meo: Si
viderint me fratres mei, forsan ligabor, forsan nocebunt
mihi; forsan etiam interficiar ab eis.”

Et Pharao interrogavit, “Quare timendi erant fratres
tibi? Feceras aliquid mali contra eos?” Cui Iosephus,
“Nihil mali feceram. Sed illi malum fecerant, et ego
patri meo narravi. Insuper, duo somnia habui. Somnia
videbantur significare quod fratres mei deberent me
adorare super terrain.” Cui Pharao, “Et nonne somnia
vera erant? Revera adorandus es eis nunc! Sed reliqua
narranda de fratribus.” Iosephus ergo narravit, “Sicut
dicebam, timebam fratres. Sed pater meus locutus erat.

Facienda erant omnia quae ille voluit. Pater enim a Deo
nostro auctoritatem habet. Sed cum consecutus essem
fratres, in periculo eram. Cum enim me vidissent, com-
prehenderunt et ligaverunt. Sed unus ex fratribus,
Ruben, rogavit alios ut me in cisternam mitterent.
Postea, mercatoribus euntibus in hanc terrain venditus
sum.”

“In hac terra, sicut audivisti, emptus sum a Putipharo.
Sed uxor eius accusavit me. Putiphar ergo me vocavit et
dixit, ‘Estne verum id quod uxor mea dicit? Revera
malum fecisti?’ Cui ego, ‘Malum non feci.’ Nihilominus,
in carcerem missus sum. Ibi manendum erat multos dies.
Duo autem servi vestri somnia etiam habuerunt. Haec
interpretatus sum pro eis. Et a pincema petfvi, ‘Cum in
palatium lterum veneris, ne obliviscaris mei. Sed lo-
quaris pro me ad regem, ut egrediar ex hoc loco.’ Ni¬
hilominus, pincema, cum restitutus esset, mei oblitus est
multos dies. Sed in palatium vocatus sum ut interpre-
tarer somnium vestrum.”

English to Latin

1. We do not know who the Pharao was who did not
know Joseph. 2. Do you know why he wanted to harm
the Jews? 3. For many years, Joseph had done many
things for Egypt. 4. Nevertheless the people suffered
such great evils that they asked God to free them. 5.
Their salvation was in the power of God. 6. Pharao at¬
tempted to overtake them, but was not able. 7. The army
of the king of Egypt was destroyed in the sea.

Scramble Exercise

Cum Iosepho fratre suo quern non cognoscebant cenam
habebant alii fratres. At cum vemsset ut discederent
tempus iussit Iosephus poni in saccos eorum lterum pe¬
cuniary Sed ut videre posset num adhuc invidia move-
rentur iussit ille clam in saccum Beniamin scyphum
poni argenteum suum. Consecuti eos mimstri Iosephi
ubi scyphum posuissent interrogaverunt. In Beniamin
sacco invento illo multum doluerunt.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De gerundivis finalibus
De dativo possessions

Ex his verbis Iudae, et etiam ex eis quae alii fratres fecerant, Iosephus
poterat scire fratres suos non iam malos esse, non iam invidiam habere
sicut olim habuerant cum venderent eum in Aegyptum. Itaque, his auditis,
Iosephus non iam poterat se continere, sed confestim iussit servos suos
abire ne quis adesset praeter fratres. Elevavitque vocem suam, flens mul-
tum, ita ut Aegyptii omnisque domus Pharaonis audirent, et dixit fra-
tribus suis: “Ego sum Iosephus. Valetne pater meus?” Non poterant re-
spondere fratres, nimio terrore territi. Ad quos ille sine ira: “Accedite ad
me. Ego sum frater vester, quern vendidistis in Aegyptum. Nolite timere,
neque vobis durum videatur quod vendidistis me in his regionibus: pro
salute enim vestra misit me Deus ante vos in Aegyptum. Iam enim duos
annos habuimus famem. Adhuc quinque anni famis venient. Sed Deus misit
me ante vos ut habeatis frumentum quo ali possitis in hac fame. Non vestro
consilio, sed Dei voluntate hue missus sum. Deus fecit me quasi patrem
Pharaonis. Pharao enim dedit mihi magnam potestatem, ut secundus post
ipsum regam universam terram hanc. Sed celeriter ite ad patrem meum,
et dicetis ei: ‘Haec mandat filius tuus Iosephus: Deus fecit me dominum
universae terrae Aegypti. Descende ad me, ne moreris, et habitabis in terra
Gessen. Ibique te.alam—quinque enim anni famis adhuc sunt.” Dixitque
etiam Iosephus fratribus suis: “Ecce, oculi vestri et oculi fratris mei
Beniamin vident quod os meum loquatur ad vos. Dicite patri meo univer¬
sam gloriam meam, et omnia quae vidistis in Aegypto. Celeriter agite, et
adducite eum ad me.” (Continuabitur eras)

continer ^-restrain
confestim-a/ once
praeter -besides
elevavit -raised
valer e-be well
dums-hard
aler ^-nourish
huc-to this place
quasi-os it were
reger e-rule
morari-de/oy
oculus-eye

VOCABULARIUM

alere, aluit, alitus -feed,

valere, valuit,* valiturus-

nourish

be well, be strong

continere, contfnuit.

durus, a, um-hard

contentus-/ioW

oculus, o -eye

together, restrain

confestim-ar once

regere, rexit, rectus -rule

praeter (with obj.)-
beyond, besides, except

Gerundive to Express Purpose: The gerundive
seems to be the same as the future passive participle,
which we have already learned. The same form may be
used to express the idea of purpose. We have already
seen that Latin can express purpose by ut with the
subjunctive. It seldom used the infinitive as English
does. But the gerundive is almost as easy to use as the
infinitive, once you get used to it.

Venit ad videndum Caesarem.

He came to see Caesar.

Notice that the form videndum is an adjective, agree¬
ing with Caesarem. The whole phrase: ad videndum
Caesarem, is in the objective case because of the prepo¬
sition ad. Notice that the whole phrase is equivalent to
an English infinitive plus an object: Caesar—to see
Caesar.

Now instead of ad, other prepositions could be used.
The most common are causa and gratia (strictly speak¬
ing not prepositions, but close enough), which follow
the phrase, instead of coming ahead as ad does. With
causa and gratia we get the possessive case. Thus:

Venit videndi Caesaris causa or
Venit videndi Caesaris gratia.

The meaning is still: He came to see Caesar. Therefore
we should consider that ad, causa or gratia plus the
gerundive is equivalent to an English infinitive (in a
purpose construction).

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(Certain other prepositions can also be used, but we
need not learn them now: they are, chiefly—with ob¬
jective: ob, propter, —with ablative: pro).

Dative of Possession: Languages, like people, are dif¬
ferent. Not all say the same thing with the same twist.
English prefers to say:

He has a book. Latin can also say: Habet librum.

But Latin is very fond of saying:

A book is to him or. There is a book to him: Liber
est ei.

Pharao Iterum Cum Iosepho Loquitur

Proximo die Pharao iterum cum amico nostro Iosepho
loquebatur: “Iosephe, iam narravisti mihi quaedam de
fratribus tuis. Quot (how many) fratres tibi sunt?” Cui
Iosephus: “Domine mi rex, undecim mihi fratres sunt.”
Et Pharao interrogavit: “Quare venerunt fratres tui in
hanc terram?” “Fames venit in terram •orum, et pater
misit eos in terram Aegypti ad emendum frumentum,”
dixit Iosephus. Cui rex: “Venerunt omnes fratres in
itinere primo? Solummodo decern vidi turn.” Iosephus
autem explicavit: “Verum est, domine mi rex, solum¬
modo decern venerunt in itinere primo. Pater enim meus
magnopere amavit filium minimum, Beniamin, et noluit
mittere eum. Sed misi fratres meos in terram eorum
iterum ad Beniamin in Aegyptum ducendum. Dixeram
eis: ‘Nonne vobis est etiam alius frater? His auditis,
fratres probabiliter timebant et cogitabant de me, quern
vendiderant ut servus essem. Sed nesciverunt me—
loquebar enim eis per interpretem.” “Sed audivi,” dixit
rex, “te posuisse pecuniam iterum in saccis eorum cum
reverterentur. Quare hoc fecisti?” “Revera,” ait Iose¬
phus, “nolui pecuniam eorum accipere. Non enim odi

eos: fratres enim mei adhuc sunt. Et insuper, nolui
pecuniam accipere pro frumento ad patrem meum alen-
dum.” “Sed nonne etiam audivi,” interrogavit rex, “te
posuisse scyphum argenteum qui tibi est, in sacco
Beniamin postea, cum discederet cum aliis fratribus tuis.
Quare hoc fecisti? Num volebas eum scyphum tuum
habere?” “Non hoc volui,” explicavit Iosephus, “sed hoc
feci ad fratres meos probandos. Volebam videre num
invidia eis adhuc esset contra fratrem meum minimum.
Propter hanc causam ergo imperavi ut scyphus in sacco
eius poneretur. Cum autem illi reversi essent ad pala-
tium, et audivissem #os loquentes, et vidissem illis nul-
lam invidiam esse, non potui me continere. Flendum
erat, et flevi.”

English to Latin

1. Let us go to Egypt to buy grain. 2. The army came
quickly to catch the Jews. 3. But God led the Egyptians
into the sea to destroy them. 4. Joseph had no money
when he came to Egypt. 5. Now he has many good
things. 6. Joseph ordered money put into their sacks to
test them. 7. God sent him into Egypt to save his
brothers.

Scramble Exercise

Ad probandos fratres suos fecit haec omnia Iosephus.
Non ad eos qui meruerant pati puniendos persecutus est
fratres. Non enim sicut illis, ita Iosepho invidia erat.
Illi enim ei ob malam voluntatem suam nocere volue-
rant vendentes eum in terram alienam servum. Ipse
autem eis pro malis bona dedit eorum servandorum
causa.

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA OCTAVA

De gerundio

De dativo finali et dativo iudicantis

Post haec, Iosephus dedit munera bona singulis fratribus suis, et profi-
ciscentibus illis dixit: “Ne irasc&mini in via.” Qui ^ascendentes ex Aeg^pto,
venerunt in terrain CMnaan ad patrem suum Iacob, et nuntiaverunt ei,
dicentes: “Iosephus fflius tuus vivit, et ipse domin£tur in omni terra
Aeg^pti. Quo audito, Iacob, quasi de gravi somno evigilans, tamen non
credebat eis. Illi narraverunt ei omnia de Iosepho et de magna copia
omnium rerum quam habebat. Cumque Iacob vidisset omnia quae miserat
fflius suus, dixit: “Satis est mihi si adhuc fflius meus vivit: ibo et videbo
eum 4ntequam moriar.” Profectus est ergo cum omnibus quae habebat, et
fflii eius et lfberi filiorum eius cum eo. Venerunt ad lines CMnaan, ibique
Iacob sacriffcium Deo obtulit. His factis, in visione noctis, Iacob audivit
Deum voc&ntem se et dicentem sibi: “Iacob, Iacob.” Cui respondit: “Ecce,
adsum.” Dixitque ei Deus, “Ego sum Deus patris tui: noli timere. Descende
in Aeg^ptum, quia in gentem magnam faciam te ibi. Ego descendam tecum
in terram illam, et ducam te revertentem. Iosephus etiam ponet manus
suas super oculos tuos.”

Cum Iosephus audivisset patrem suum iam appropinquare, ascendit ad
videndum eum. Vidensque eum, cucurrit et oscul&tus est eum flevitque
multum. Iosephus etiam nunti£vit Pharaoni patrem suum venisse. Pharao
laetus fuit, et mand4vit Iosepho tribuere patri suo terras optimas. Cumque
PMrao vidisset Iacob, interrog^vit eum de aet£te eius: “Quot sunt dies
annorum vitae tuae?” Qui respondit: “Dies mei sunt centum triginta anni,
parvi et mali.” (Continu4bitur)

singuli-one at a time

nunti&vit -reported

domin^ri -be a ruler

gravis-Zieav)'

somnus -sleep

e\\gi\kxt-wake up

copia -abundance

liberi -children

appropinquare-approac/i

cucurrit-ran

osculiri-^i^

tribuere-g/ve

optimus -best

aetas -age

quot-/iow many

V OCABUL ARIUM

appropinquare, £vit,

copia, di-abundance,

ktus-approach (with

supply {pi. — troops)

dat.)

gravis, e, i -heavy

currere, cucurrit,

liberi, is (pi. only)-children

*cursurus-run

optimus, a, u m-best, very

tribuere, tribuit, tributus-

good

assign, give

singuli, ae, a (pi. only)-

magna aetas, aet£te-age

one at a time, each

Nunc Cogitemus

Gerunds: Gerunds are verbal nouns—that is, half
noun and half verb (compare participles: half verb,
half adjective). But the Latin gerund has only a few
forms—possessive, dative, objective, and ablative sin¬
gular: i, o, um, o —no other forms are in use.

How is it used? There are chiefly two kinds of uses:

1. To express purpose—just like the gerundive, ex¬
cept that this is a noun, and so (in English) there
will be no object; e.g., Venit in silvas septentrio-
nales ad pisc&ndum.

He came into the north woods to fish.

(Of course, we could also use: piscdndi causa, piscandi
grdtia, ob piscdndum, etc.)

2. As a mere verbal noun, translated by the English
noun in - ing: A variety of combinations are possible
(but, for the most part, no object should be used).

1. Amor piscandi traxit eum in silvas.

Love of fishing drew him into the woods.

2. Expectdndo, F&bius serv&vit Romam.

By waiting, Fabius saved Rome.

Datives of Purpose and Reference: These two
datives often, though not always, come in a pair. Some¬
times they are called double dative. The basic meanings
are easy: the dative of purpose expresses the goal of
something, that for which it is or is done. Often English

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would use merely nominative instead of one dative.
Thus:

Hoc est auxilio mihi.

This is (for) a help to me.

English would prefer to leave out the word for.
Auxilio is, of course, dative of purpose, while mihi is
dative of reference. The latter expresses the one con¬
cerned, or in whose eyes a thing is so (hence the Latin
name: dativus iudicdntis).

Pharao et Iacob

Cum patrem suum vidisset, Iosephus laetus erat, et
cucurrit ad eum videndum. Pharao etiam ipse Iacobum
videre voluit. Ductus est ftaque in palatium. Pharao
locutus est: “Placet mihi valde te videre. Multa de te
audivi a fflio tuo. Nonne multos annos habes?” Cui
Iacob: “Non multos, solummodo centum triginta an¬
nos.” “Films tuus egregius,” dixit Pharao, “magna
somnia vidit, potuitque interpreted somnia mea. Credo
Deum misisse eum saluti omni terrae Aegypti. Vidfsti tu
etiam somnia aliqua?” “Otique,” respondit Iacob,
“quadam nocte maximum somnium vidi. Faciebam iter
in Haran. Nox me in quodam campo invenit. Lapides
(stones) itaque tuli, et posui sub capite meo, dormiendi
causa. Et ecce! In somnio vidi scalam (ladder). Scala
a terra ascendebat ad coelum ipsum! In scala, Angelos
Dei vidi, ascendentes et descendentes per earn. Sed in
coelo ipso Dominum Deum nostrum vidi, et locutus est
mihi: ‘Terrain hanc, in qua dormis, tibi tribuam, et
filiis tuis. Liberi tui erunt valde multi, sicut promisi
patribus tuis Abrahae et Isaac. Faciam enim te in gen-
tem magnam.’ ” “Magnum miraculum erat,” respondit

Phirao, “sed vellem de hac promissione Dei tui audire.
Quid fecit Abraham pater tuus?” “Quodam die apparuit
ei Deus, et imperavit ut sacrificaret filium suum Isaac.
Deus promiserat Abrahae quod faceret eum in gentem
magnam per Isaac—sed postea iussit Isaac duci in mon-
tem ut sacrificaretur. Abraham autem credidit Deo.
Deus enim potest omnia facere quae vult. Quando Deus
loquitur, credendum est, non interrogandum. Sed cum
filmm ligavisset ad occidendum, angelus Domini ei
apparuit, imperavitque ut caperet arietem ad sacrifi-
candum. Non enim interficiendus erat Isaac. Sacriffcium
enim humanum Deo nostro non placet.”

English to Latin

1. Joseph was sent into Egypt to be (for) salvation to
his brothers. 2. Many nations were to be conquered be¬
fore the Jews entered Palestine. 3. By remaining in
Egypt Joseph became a great man. 4. The love of ruling
has destroyed many men. 5. Joseph forgave his brothers.
6. He was a servant to the king. 7. Jacob was heavy with
age but great in good works.

Scramble Exercise

Cumque vidisset Iosephus fratres suos non iam nocendi
voluntatem habere, se esse fratrem eorum confessus est:
“Quern in Aegyptum vendidistis sum ego frater vester.
Nec vobis timendum est. Saluti enim vobis me in hanc
terram misit Deus patrum nostrorum. Mihi autem dedit
Deus voluntatem vobis ignoscendi quae fecistis.
Omnium bonorum copiam vobis tribuam.”

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LECTIO SEXAGESIMA NOVA

De participio et infinitivo in tempore futuro activo
De verbis regentibus duplicem obiectivum

Post haec, Iacob benedixit Pharaoni et discessit. Iosephus autem patri
suo agros tribuit in Gessen, parte Aegypti valde fertili. Gratum enim erat
Pharoni iuvdre Hebraeos ob merita optima Iosephi. Iacob et ceteri
Hebraei habuerunt copiam omnium bonorum. Hoc modo annos septen-
decim vixit Iacob. Cum autem cerneret mortem suam appropinqudre,
Iacob benedixit duobus filiis Iosephi, Ephraim et Mandsse. Post haec Iacob
voc&vit filios suos, et ait eis: “Venite ut annuntiem quae ventura sunt
{are about to come ) vobis in diebus novissimis. Venite et audite filii Iacob,
audite Israel patrem vestrum.” Et locutus est Iacob prophetiam longam de
filiis suis et de eis quae ventura essent eis in diebus novissimis. Inter ilia
haec dixit, ben®dicens Iudae: “Non auferetur sceptrum de Iuda, et dux de
femore eius, donee veniat ille qui mittendus est; et ipse erit exspectatio
gentium.”

Haec prophetia loquitur de Christo qui venturus erat. Christus re vera
est ille quern omnes gentes exspectaverunt.

Prophetia finita, Iacob imperdvit filiis suis ut sepelirent eum in terra
Ch&naan in loco suo, et mortuus est. Iosephus, cernens patrem suum
mortuum esse, ruit super f&ciem eius, flens multum. Et praecepit servis suis
medicis ut aromatibus condirent patrem suum. Et omnis Aegyptus flevit
eum septuaginta dies.

benedicere-6/ess
gratus -pleasing
invite-help
ob -on account of
citeri-others
cernere-see
ait-he says
novissimus -last

venturus, a, um -about to come

auterxe-take away

iemux-thigh

donee -until

sepelire-fwry

ruere-rush, fall

facies -face

praecipere-comma/id
aromata-spices
condir e-embalm

VOCABULARIUM

ait -he says

ruere, ruit, rutus -fall,

benedicere, dixit, dictus-

rush

bless (sometimes with

ceteri, ae, a-the rest, the

dat.)

others

cemere, crevit, cretus-

gratus, a, um -pleasing

see, distinguish

donee -while, until

iuvdre, iuvit, iutus-help,
please

usque ad-aj far as, even to

Nunc Cogitemus

Future Active Participle: For some time we have
been learning a third part for some verbs, that is not a
perfect participle. Those forms have been marked*.
Notice that they all end in -urus. The same form can
be made for any verb—merely change the final -us of
the perfect participle to -urus. It has all the endings of
bonus.

The meaning is easy to learn: about to prepare, going
to prepare, intending to prepare.

Future Active Infinitive: If we use the infinitive
esse (to be) with a future active participle, we have the
future active infinitive. We must remember to use the
right ending on the participle—gender, number, and
case. Recall that one form of indirect statement uses
objective case with an infinitive. For example:

Dicit Caesarem venire.—He says that Caesar is com¬
ing.

Dicit Caesarem venisse.—He says that Caesar came.
Now—with the future:

Dicit Caesarem venturum esse.—He says that Caesar
will come.

Dixit Caesarem venturum esse.—He said that Caesar
would come.

Notice that the ending of venturum agrees with the
subject of the infinitive, Caesarem.

Note also that the infinitive expresses time relative to
the time of the main verb:

pardtus—becomes: paraturus.

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Therefore: Present infinitive —same time as main verb
Perfect infinitive—action done before main
verb

Future infinitive—action to come after time
of main verb

Double Objective Case with Some Verbs: Some
verbs (not all—we must learn by experience, or by the
dictionary those which do) can have two objects:

Rogat Marcum pecuniam.

He asks Marcus for money.

But the verb petere, also meaning ask, doesn’t have two
objects:

Petit pecuniam a Marco.

De Prophetia Iacob

Temporibus Veteris Testamenti, Deus populo suo
multos misit prophetas ad eos iuvandos. Hi prophetae
multa quae ventura erant dixerunt. Sed etiam patri-
irchae Iacob et Iosephus prophetias de rebus futuris
dederunt. Quodam die Iosephus audivit patrem suum
aegrum esse. Cogitavit ergo patrem suum moriturum
esse. Et verum erat: Iacob revera moriturus erat. Cum-
que ad eum venisset Iosephus, Iacob eum monuit de
promissionibus Dei. Deus enim promiserat se facturum
esse eos in magnum populum. Dixitque se tributurum
esse eis terram Chanaan. Benedixit ftaque Iacob duobus
filiis Iosephi, dixitque gentes magnas venturas esse ex
illis filiis. Etiam praedixit Deum iterum ducturum esse
populum suum ex terra Aegypti in terram Chanaan.
Non dixit Iosephum ipsum habitaturum esse in terra
patrum ipsius. Iosephus enim remansurus erat in
Aegypto et moriturus erat ibi.

Cum ergo Iacob haec dixisset, vocavit etiam filios
suos ut annuntiaret eis multa ventura. In benedictione
et prophetia data Iudae, dixit sceptrum non discessurum
esse a Iuda donee veniret ille qui mittendus erat. Christus
erat ille qui mittendus erat. Iacob etiam praedixit multa
ilia ventura esse filiis suis. His prophetiis datis, mortuus
est Iacob.

Similiter Iosephus ipse, intequam mortuus est, pro-
phetivit Deum ducturum esse Hebraeos ex terra Aegypti
in terram quam eis promiserat. Scivitne Iosephus etiam
Hebraeos multa passuros esse in terra Aegypti antequam
discederent? Difficile est dicere. Si revera haec scivit,
Sacra Scriptura non dicit eum praedixisse eos talia
passuros esse.

English to Latin

1. We are about to hear a prophecy. 2. He says that
these things will come to us in the last days. 3. They wept
for him seventy days. 4. Jacob gave them a prophecy
that the Jews would have their own leaders until Christ
should come (use subj.). 5. Jacob saw that death would
come soon. 6. It pleased Pharao to help the Hebrews.
7. Joseph ran to see his father.

Scramble Exercise

Iosephus Pharaoni patrem suum venturum esse dixit, et
Pharaonem bona multa fratribus suis rogavit. Qui illi ut
terram optimam eis daret imperavit. Iuvit enim Phara¬
onem iuv£re fratres patremque Iosephi. At ante mortem
suam prophetiam magnam daturus erat Iacob Iosephi
pater de rebus venturis. Inter ilia de Messia futuro
praedixit non nulla: eum mittendum esse ex Iuda.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Post mortem patris sui, Iosephus iit ad Pharaonem, dixitque ei, “Pater
meus cupivit sepeh'ri in terra patrum suorum, in Chanaan. Ascendam
igitur, et sepeliam patrem meum, ac revertar.” Dixitque ei Pharao,
“Ascende et sepeli patrum tuum sicut pollicitus es.” Cum ergo Iacob con¬
ditus aromatibus esset secundum morem Aegypti, Iosephus profectus est
ut iret in terram Chanaan. Et ierunt cum eo omnes senes domus Pharaonis,
et multi alii.

Cumque sepelivissent Iacob, reversi sunt in terram Aegypti. Quo mor-
tuo, timentes fratres eius dixerunt, “Ne Iosephus nunc irascatur nobis,
velitque supplicium sumere de nobis ob peccata nostra, eamus {let us go)
ad eum.” Dixeruntque ei, “Pater tuus praecepit nobis antequam moreretur
ut haec tibi in nomine suo diceremus, ‘Qbsecro ut obliviscaris peccatorum
fratrum tuorum, et malitiae quam exercuerunt contra te.’ ”

Ouibus auditis, flevit Ioseph. Veneruntque ad eum fratres sui, et proni
adorantes in terram dixerunt, “Servi tui sumus.” Ouibus ille respondit,
“Nolite timere. Num possumus Dei resistere voluntati? Vos cogitavistis de
me malum: sed Deus vertit illud in bonum, ut exaltaret me, sicut nunc
cemitis, et salvos faceret multos populos. Nolite timere. Ego alam vos et
liberos vestros.”

Iosephus vixit in Aegypto cum omni domo patris sui. Vixitque centum
decern annos, et vidit filios Ephraim usque ad tertiam generationem.
Cumque sentiret finem vitae suae prope esse, locutus est fratribus suis,
“Post mortem meam Deus visit^bit vos, et ascendere vos faciet de terra hac
ad terram quam pollicitus est ad Abraham, Isaac, et Iacob. Portate ossa
mea vobiscum de loco hoc.” Et mortuus est, et conditus aromatibus,
positus est in loculo in Aegypto.

cuper e-desire

\giiuT-therefore

conditus -embalmed

mos -custom

sen ex-old man

supplicium -punishment

sumer c-take, exact

obsecro-beg

txzTc&rz-practice

malitia-ma/ice

promis-prostrate

salvus -safe

propz-near

visitor z-visit

os, oss z-bone

\6cu\us-coffin

V OCABULARIUM

cupiunt, cupere, cupivit,

bonus mos, more-

cupitus -desire

custom, habit {in pi:

exercere, exercuit,

morals, character)

zxzrcitus-practice,

durum os, oss z-bone

train

( compare: os, ore-

sumere, sumpsit,

mouth)

sumptus-mfce, assume

bonus senex, sznz-old

{sumere supplicium

man

de eo— exact punish-

supplicium, o -punishment

ment from him)

igitax-therefore
propz-near

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Translate these sentences in as many ways as possi-
able: a) Joseph was sent into Egypt to save his brothers.

b) I must help them. 2. Translate in two ways: He has
ten brothers. 3. Give the gerundive of: dlere, regere,
currere, tribuere, benedicere, auferre. 4. Give future
active infinitive of: cernere, ruere, appropinqudre.

Iter Faciamus in Alias Terras

Ad Orientem a Iudaea habitatur terra magna et antiqua.
Huius terrae nomen est Mesopotamia. Significatio huius
nominis nobis paucis verbis explicari potest. Est enim
nomen Graecum— fiumen in Graeca lingua dicitur
potamos, et medius in eadem lingua dictus mesos.
Mesopotamia ergo terram quae inter flumina est signi-
ficat. Et verum est, nam terra duobus magnis fluminibus
irrigatur, scilicet {that is) Tigride et Euphrate. Haec
duo flumina, scilicet Tigris et Euphrates, terram hanc
habitabilem {habitable) faciunt. Quidam homines in
hac terra paradisum fuisse putant. Quorum sententia

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nec probari nec omnino disprobari potest. Certum est
homines hanc habitavisse terram saltern (at least)
quinque millia annorum ante Christi nativitatem.

In Aegypto, flumen Nilus diluvium (flood) omni anno
facit. Aegyptii haec diluvia amant; sine his diluviis,
terra eorum nullo modo habitabilis esset (would be). In
Mesopotamia etiam diluvia sunt. Saepe haec diluvia
sunt bona; praebent (provide) aquam ad irrigationem
necessariam. Sed saepe etiam agros et domos huius ter-
rae delent.

Multae fabulae mirabiles (wonderful) in hac terra
narrantur. Inter ilia, narrationem epicam de Gilgamesh
habent. Quidam homines putant Homerum scripsisse
primum epicum. Sed verum non est. Narratio enim de
Gilgamesh composita est multis saeculis (many cen¬
turies) ante poemata Homerica. Cras mirabilem narra¬
tionem de hoc Gilgamesh audiemus.

English to Latin

1. Mesopotamia must have floods to irrigate the land.

2. The love of ruling is a danger to many men. 3. To
feed an army, much food is needed. 4. There is no
one here except us Egyptians. 5. Jacob said that Christ
would come. 6. Joseph said that the Jews would leave
Egypt. 7. The brothers feared lest Joseph punish them.

Scramble Exercise

Ad sepeliendum patrem suum in terra patrum eius ex
Aegypto cum multis ex Aegypti senioribus profictus est
Iosephus. Iacob enim moriturus rogaverat Iosephum
sepulchrum in terra ilia. Post haec autem fratres eius ne
illi esset voluntas puniendi se timebant. Qui timentes ei
appropinquaverunt, rogaveruntque ne irasceretur.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA PRIMA

De formis comparativis et superlativis
De ablativo comparationis

Post mortem Iosephi, Hebraei fuerunt in Aegypto multos annos. Et
creverunt numero, ita ut multi Aegyptii mirarentur et timerent. Etiam rex
Aegypti animadvertit Hebraeos factos esse numerosos. Post annos multos
venit in solium Aegypti Pharao qui ignorabat Iosephum. Hie rex con-
tempsit Hebraeos, et quaesivit quo modo deleret eos. Ait itaque ad
populum suum, “Ecce, populus filiorum Israel multus, et fortior ( stronger)
nobis ( than us) est. Venite, opprimamus eum, ne, si bellum contra nos
veniat, transeat ad hostes nostros, et, victis nobis, egrediatur e terra.”

Praeposuit igitur eis magistros duros, ut affligerent eos oneribus. Et
aedificaverunt Pharaoni duas urbes, Phithom et Ramesses. Cumque magi-
stri duri opprimerent eos, Hebraei crescebant numero, oderantque filios
Israel Aegyptii, et affligebant eos.

Cum Pharao animadvertisset Hebraeos, etsi graviter oppressos, adhuc
crescere, mandavit ut omnes pueri Hebraeorum interficerentur statim post
nativitatem suam.

Inter alios pueros Hebraeos, natus est unus parvulus pulcher. Mater
eius abdidit eum tres menses post nativitatem eius. Sed post haec, putans
se non iam posse servare puerum, posuit eum in sporta, inter calamos in
aqua ad ripam fluminis Nili. Soror huius pueri stetit procul, et spectabat
fratrem parvulum suum.

Ecce, venit filia Pharaonis cum puellis suis, videruntque parvulum.
FiTia Pharaonis mota est misericordia, videns hunc parvulum, et dixit,
“De infantibus Hebraeorum est hie.” (Continuabitur eras)

crevit -grew
mirarf -wonder
animadvertit-nof/'ced
ignorare-no/ know
contemner t-despise
quaesivit-soMg/if
opprimere-crw^/i
transire-go over
egredi-go out
praeposuit-pw/ over
affligere-a^l/ct
onus -burden
graviter -gravely
statim-af once
parvulus-c/j/7d
abdidit-/j/d
sporta -basket
calamus -reed
ripa -bank
procul-/ar off
spectar e-look at

V OCABULARIUM

animadvertere, vertit.

wonder, admire

versus-notice, punish

quaerere, quaesivit.

contemnere, tempsit.

quaesitus-see/;

temptus-despise, scorn

spectare, avit, atus -look

crescere, crevit, cretus-

grow (compare parts

durum onus, onere-

of cernere)

burden

mirari, miratus est-

statim-a/ once

Nunc Cogitemus

Comparison of Adjectives: In English, an adjective
has three degrees:

clear, clearer, clearest

The first form is called positive (clear), the second,
comparative (clearer), the third, superlative (clearest).

Sometimes the comparative uses the word more, e.g.,
more ready.

Now Latin has a similar set of forms for all adjectives
—to make the comparative we get a base from the
ablative singular of an adjective (ablative singular less
the ablative ending) and add to that base: -ior, -ius.

We have already had some of these words, such as
melior —they are all declined like melior —that is, all
(even those that come from bonus type words) are third
declension, with ablative in -e.

For the superlative, we use the same base, and add:
-issimus (declined like bonus).

Therefore take the adjective clarus—clarior, clarissi-
mus

Translations: for the comparative—clearer

quite clear

for the superlative—most clear
clearest
very clear

Circuluslatinus.org

Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives: The
above method is used for most adjectives—but there are
a few exceptions :

1. Adjectives in -er (such as acer, or pulcher) make
the superlative by adding -rimus to the nominative singu¬
lar masculine: acerrimus, pulcherrimus.

2. Six adjectives make the superlative by adding
-limus to the base (ablative singular minus ending):

facilis—facillimus (easy)

difficilis—difficillimus (hard)

similis—simillimus (similar)

dissimilis—dissimillimus (dissimilar)

humilis—humillimus (humble)

gracilis—gracillimus (slender)

3. Many common adjectives have completely un¬
predictable forms—but we have already learned the
most important of them, a few at a time: here they are—
bonus—melior—optimus
malus—peior—pessimus
parvus—minor—minimus
multus—plus ( has no masculine and feminine
singular ) —plurimus
magnus—maior—maxim us

Ablative of Comparison: How can we say than after
a comparative? Two ways:

1. Use quam (same case after and before):

Iosephusmelior estquamPharao. (Notice Pharao
is nominative).

Joseph is better than Pharao.

2. Use the ablative case:

Iosephus melior est Pharadne.

De Poem ate Epico: Gilgamesh

Quo tempore compositum est hoc poema? Nescimus—
probabiliter fere saeculo vigesimo secundo (twenty-
second century) ante Christum. Certe antiquior est
poematibus Homericis. Sed ad narrationem ipsam
procedamus.

Gilgamesh rex durissimus erat, qui urbem quae voca-
batur Erech regebat. Pauci reges crudeliores erant illo
Gilgamesh. Cives igitur huius urbis, ad liberandos se

ipsos, in urbem vocaverunt quoddam monstrum. Nomen
huius monstri fuit Eabani—ille erat semibestia et semi¬
homo. Gilgamesh (quietiam fere monstrum erat) factus
est amicus huius Eabani. Hi duo itaque ex urbe profecti
sunt ad venandum (hunt).

Veniunt in silvas (forest) cedrinas (cedar) occi¬
dentals. Ibi terribile inveniunt monstrum (multa mon-
stra sunt his temporibus), cui nomen est Humbaba.
Quidam deus tempestatum,Enlil nomine, Humbabam in
hac silva posuit, ad custodiendam (guard) earn. Hum¬
baba terribilis est—et amici (!) nostri, id est Gilgamesh
et Eabani, terribiliores sunt quam Humbaba. Itaque
Humbabam interficiunt! Fere hoc tempore, quandam
mulierem (woman) vident, vel potius (rather) deam
quae vocatur Ishtar. Ishtar amat Gilgamesh, sed ille non
vult mulieres amare: interficere monstra vult. Ishtar
itaque, ira mota, quia contempta est a Gilgamesh, mittit
aliud monstrum, quod vocatur “taurus (bull) coelorum”
contra eos. Sed Gilgamesh et amicus eius hunc taurum
coelorum celeriter interficiunt. Quidam poeta dixit,
“fitiam in inferno non est furor (fury) furiosior quam
mulier quae contempta est.” Itaque, Ishtar facit ut
Eabani aeger fiat et moriatur. (Continuabitur).

English to Latin

1. Gilgamesh is fiercer than Humbaba. 2. Was he the
fiercest king in the world? 3. The Jews grew and became
greater in number than the Egyptians. 4. Joseph was
more pleasing to his father than the rest of his brothers.
5. By running swiftly he escaped his enemies. 6. Marcus
is brave, Julius is braver, and Augustus is the bravest of
all. 7. The authority of the king is not to be scorned.

Scramble Exercise

Peccata eorum ignoscendo eis monstravit Iosephus se
illis meliorem esse. Post cuius mortem Hebraei cre¬
scendo celeriter facti sunt numerosissimi. Etsi non erant
ipsis Aegyptiis numerosiores causam dederunt timendi.
Quos rex ipse ne ad hostes transient timuit. Quam
propter causam ut infantes mox post nativitatem inter-
ficerentur imperavit rex.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SECUNDA

De adverbiis

De nominibus neutralibus declinationis quartae

Quaedam mulier Hebraeorum ausa erat servare filium suum parvulum tres
menses etei Pharao mandaverat ut omnes pueri Hebraeorum interficerentur
statim post nativitatem suam. At post tres menses non iam poterat abscon-
dere eum, exposuitque eum in sporta, in aqua inter calamos ad ripam flu-
minis Nili. Filia Pharaonis invenit hunc puerum, et, misericordia mota,
cupiebat servare eum. Eodem tempore soror pueri parvuli spectabat, et
cum vidisset filiam Pharaonis desiderare curare eum, cucurrit celeriter ad
earn. Cui soror pueri ait, “Vis ut vadam et vocem tibi mulierem Hebraeam,
quae curare possit infantulum?” Quae respondit, “Vade.” Puella vadit et
vocavit matrem suam, quae erat mater huius parvuli. Ad quam locuta
filia Pharaonis, “Accipe, ait, puerum istum, et ale eum mihi: ego dabo tibi
mercedem tuam.” Suscepit mulier puerum sine mora, et aluit eum. Post
paucos annos, dedit ilium filiae Pharaonis. Ilia autem adoptavit eum in
locum filii, vocavitque nomen eius Moysen dicens, “Quia de aqua tuli
eum.” (Nomen “Moyses” probabiliter est solummodo pars secunda nomi¬
nis hujus pueri. Multi reges Aegypti habent similia nomina, e.g., Thutmo-
ses. Nunc autem, nomen Thutmdses significat, “Thoth est pater eius” vel
“natus est ex Thoth.” Ergo nomen Moyses forsan significavit: “natus est ex
aqua.”) Moyses igitur doctus est omnem sapientiam Aegyptiorum.

At postquam Moyses crevit, et vir factus est, ostendit se esse amicum
Hebraeorum. Hanc propter causam, Pharao non amavit eum, et Moyses
fugit in terram Madian. In terra Madian duxit in matrimonium Sephoram,
filiam Jethro.

mulier -woman
ausa erat -dared
abscondere-/i/<te
sporta-basket
calamus-reed
r'vpa-bank
desiderare- desire
curar e-care for
vader e-go
ist t-this
merces-pay
suscipere-mA:e
mora -delay

VOCABULARIUM

audere, ausus est -dare

suscipiunt, suscipere,

(notice that the first

cepit, ceptus -under-

part is normal, but the

take, take

rest is deponent)

vadere (no other parts)-

curare, avit, 4tus -take

care of (with obj., not

mora, a -delay

poss. case)

bona mulier, re-woman

desiderare, avit, atus-
desire, miss

iste-this, that (see below)

Formation of Adverbs (Regular):

a) From first and second declension adjectives : Take
the base (ablative singular minus ending) and add -e.
Thus: clarus—dare (clearly)

b) From third declension adjecitves: Take the base
(ablative singular minus ending) and add -iter. Thus:
acer—dcriter (keenly)

Comparative and Superlative of adverbs :

1. The comparative is the same as the neuter singular
form of the comparative adjective: clarius —more
clearly.

2. The superlative uses the -e ending instead of the
-us of the adjective: clarissime —most clearly.

Irregular Adverbs: Most of these can be formed by
the use of the above rules on the irregular adjective
forms which we already know. But there are a few
peculiarities:

bene (well) melius (better) optime (very well)

male (badly) peius (worse) pessime (very badly)

(no form) magis (more) maxime (most)

minus (less) minime (least)

multwm (much) plus (more) plurimwm (most)

Neuters of Fourth Declension: There are just a
few of these—the most common are probably genu

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(knee) and cornu (horn, or flank of an army). They are
declined thus:

genu

genua

genus

genuum

genu

genibus

genu

genua

genu

genibus

The singular is monotonous, and therefore easy. The
plural is about what we should expect from a neuter—
but note that it has not just -a, but -ua.

A few fourth declension words use -ubus instead of
-ibus (dative and ablative plural).

Domus, which is feminine in a mostly masculine
declension, is also odd in that it uses some second
declension forms: most common are domo (abl.) and
domdrum (poss. pi.) and domos (obj. pi.).

Iste: Declined just like ille. Meaning: this, that. Some¬
times it has an extra idea: “that of yours.” Sometimes it
gives a tone of contempt. But these extras are not always
present.

Plura de Gilgamesh

Antequam cum Humbaba pugnarent, Gilgamesh horta-
tus erat ( encouraged ) amicum suum Eabani ne pug-
nam timeret. Nunc autem Eabani mortuus est. Gilga-
mesh patienter eum spectat, sperans eum ad vitam re-
versurum esse. Sed Eabani non revertitur—corpus eius
cornimpitur. Gilgamesh ipse nunc timet. Sentit mortem
etiam sibi venturam esse. Proficiscitur itaque, quaerens
quo modo mortem vitet (avoid). Gilgamesh iam de
quodam mirabili ( wonderful) viro audivit, qui propin-
quus ( relative) ei est: Utanapistim. Hie Utanapistim
consecutus est immortalitatem. Gilgamesh, per multa
monstra ad finem terrae vadit. Omnes homines quos
videt interrogat de modo consequendi immortalitatem.
Omnes ei nullam esse spem (hope) dicunt. Ille autem

non vult desperare. Pergit (goes on) itaque, et ad litus
(shore) maris venit. In hoc mari sunt aquae mortis.
Quo in litore navem et magistrum navis invenit. Huic
persuadet (persuades) ut eum ad Utanapistim portet.

Utanapistim autem ei immortalitatem dare non
potest, sed narrationem ei narrat de mirabili diluvio
(flood) ex quo ille et uxor salvi (saved) facti sunt. Post
hoc diluvium, quidam deus, cui nomen erat Enlil, dedit
ad Utanapistim vitam aetemam. Sed tales condiciones
iterum non sunt venturae. Utanapistim igitur non potest
dicere Gilgamesh quo modo vitam aetemam consequi
possit.

Nihilominus, Utanapistim dicit quod forsan Gilga¬
mesh possit cum morte pugnare. Itaque, Gilgamesh pug-
nare conatur cum somno (sleep) magico (hie somnus
re vera est genus mortis). At hie somnus fortior eo est,
et Gilgamesh mori coepit. (Continuabitur)

English to Latin

1. Did Humbaba have many horns? 2. Gilgamesh de¬
sired immortality more than anything else. 3. He even
attempted to fight with a magic sleep, and fought well
but the sleep fought better. 4. On his knees he asked
Utanapistim for eternal life. 5. The way of dying is
known to all, but the way of living eternally is not
known to them. 6. Gilgamesh did not see this clearly,
and so he dared to fight bravely against death. 7. All
men told Gilgamesh: “Death is a heavy burden that the
gods have given to men—there is no hope of escaping.”

Scramble Exercise

Ausa est filia quaedam ex Hebraeis, quae Moysis soror
erat, ffliae Pharaonis loqui. Ilia enim, genu flectendo
puellae Aegyptiacae, num vellet vocari muh'erem ex
Hebraeis pueri curandi causa, interrogavit. Qua iubente,
ad matrem celeriter cucurrit suam Moysis soror. Hoc
modo iste in palatio vixit regis Aegypti, sapientiamque
Aegypti doctus est.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA TERTIA

De conditionibus realibus
De ablativo differentiae

Moyses itaque mansit apud Jethro multos annos, et pastor erat. Quodam
die, cum gregem duxisset in desertum, ad Horeb, montem Dei, Dominus
apparuit ei in flamma ignis de medio rubi. Cum ergo conspexisset flam-
mam, Moyses dixit, “Vadam et videbo visionem hanc magnam, quare non
comburatur rubus.” Rubus enim videbatur ardere et nihilominus integer
manere. Cernens autem Dominus quod Moyses veniret ad videndum,
vocavit eum de medio rubi, et ait, “Moyses, Moyses.” Qui respondit,
“Adsum.” At ille, “Ne appropinques, ait, hue: solve calceamentum de
pedibus tuis: locus enim, in quo stas, terra sancta est.” Dixitque Deus,
“Ego sum Deus patris tui, Deus Abraham, Deus Isaac, et Deus Iacob.”

Abscondit Moyses faciem suam; non enim audebat spectare Deum.
Cui ait Dominus, “Vidi afflictionem populi mei in Aegypto, et clamorem
eius audivi ob duritiam eorum qui affligunt eos. Et sciens dolorem eius,
descendi, ut liberem eum de manibus Aegyptiorum, et ducam de terra ilia
in terram bonam et spatiosam, in terram quae fluit lacte et melle. Sed veni,
et mittam te ad Pharaonem, ut ducas populum meum, filios Israel de
Aegypto.” Dixitque Moyses ad Deum, “Quis sum ego ut vadam ad
Pharaonem, et ducam filios Israel de Aegypto?” Qui dixit ei, “Ego ero
tecum, et hoc habebis signum quod miserim te: cum duxeris populum
meum de Aegypto, immolabis Deo super montem istum.”

Ait Moyses ad Deum, “Ecce ego vadam ad filios Israel, et dicam eis:
Deus patrum vestrorum misit me ad vos. Si dixerint mihi: Quod est
nomen eius? quid dicam eis?” Dixit Deus ad Moysen, “Ego sum qui sum.”
Ait, “Sic dices filiis Israel: ‘Qui est, misit me ad vos.’ ” (Continuabitur
eras)

apud-w/7Jz
pastor-shepherd
gr ex-flock
Tubus-bramble bush
conspexit-Mw
comburere-ftwra up
arderc-burn
integer- whole
huc-to this place
solvere-loose
calceamentum-s/ioe
pes-foot

absconder e-hide
facies -face (5)
ob-on account of
duritia -hardness
dolor -grief, pain
spatiosus-ex/en«Ve
fluere-/?ow
lac-milk
mel-honey
\mmo\are-sacriflce
sic -thus

V OCABULARIUM

conspiciunt, conspicere.

integer, gra, grum -fresh,

spexit, spectus-see,

untouched

catch sight of

apud ( with obj.)-with,

fluere, fluxit,* fluxurus-

at the house of

flow

huc-to this place

solvere, solvit, solutus-

ob ( with obj.)-on

loosen, pay
facies (5), tacit-face

account of

Nunc Cogitemus

Real Conditions: There are six principal kinds of sen¬
tences in which one clause starts with if. Let us learn
how to handle three of them today, and three later. It is
best to work by imitating a set of samples (it would be
good to memorize them):

1. Si venerit (veniet)—bonum erit.

If he will have come (will come, or comes)—it will
be good.

2. Si adest—bonum est.

If he is here—it is good.

3. Si adfuit (or aderat)—bonum fuit (or erat).

If he was here—it was good.

These are all called real conditional sentences—they
have indicative. Notice that there is a future, a present,
and a past real (in that order).

Ablative of Measure of Difference: We already
know how to say than after a comparative. For example:

He is taller than Marcus.

Altior est Marco (or quam Marcus).

But how do we say how much taller? Just use the ablative
without a preposition:

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He is taller than Marcus by two feet.

Altior Marco est dudbus pedibus.
or again:

He is much taller than Marcus (taller by much )—

Multo altior quam Marcus est.

Gilgamesh Quaerit Immortalitatem

Gflgamesh cum quodam somno magico (qui re vera
genus mortis est) pugnare conatus est. Gilgamesh forti-
ter pugnavit, sed somnus multo fortius pugnavit. ltaque
amicus noster fere mortuus est, et re vera mortuus esset
(would have died ) nisi uxor Utanapistim, misericordia
mota, eum suscitavisset (had awakened).

Post haec Gilgamesh discessurus erat ut in urbem
suam reverteretur. At uxor Utanapistim virum suum
hortatur (urges) ut ei aliquod donum det priusquam
discedat. Utanapistim igitur explicat ad Gilgamesh quod
herba (plant) mirabilis in fundo (bottom) maris in-
veniri possit. Omnis qui hanc comedit herbam, in
iuventutem iterum revertitur. Magnis laboribus Gilga¬
mesh ad fundum maris natat (swims), invenitque hanc
herbam. Herba inventa, Gilgamesh statim comedere
earn non vult. Melius esse putat earn comedere ante

oculos populi sui in Erech. Profectus est itaque, et, mag¬
nis itineribus factis, fere ad urbem suam venit. At dies
calidus (hot) fuit, et Gilgamesh, ad aestum vitandum
(avoid the heat) vult natare. Dum natat, herbam mira-
bilem in ripa relinquit. Sed ecce! serpens quidam ad
ripam venit, herbam videt, comedit, et, deposita cute
(skin) , revertitur in iuventutem. Quam ob causam ser-
pentes etiam nunc cutem deponere et in iuventutem
reverti possunt (non verum est serpentes hoc facere
posse, sed quidam hoc dicunt). At miser (wretched)
Gilgamesh, quid ille facere potest? Non iam mirabilem
habet herbam: moriendum est. Nihilominus, ante mor¬
tem, spiritum Eabani per artes magicas evocat (sum¬
mons), qui ei multa de regionibus mortuorum narrat.

English to Latin

1. If Gilgamesh finds the plant, he will live eternally.

2. If he does not watch it, a snake will take it. 3. There¬
fore snakes now have the power of not dying. 4. Is
Gilgamesh much better than a snake? 5. Some of the
citizens whom he rules think not. 6. If the people do not
believe, what should I do? 7. He went into the sea to
seek the plant.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA QUARTA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Dixit Moyses Deo, “Non credent mihi populi mei, neque audient vocem
meam, sed dicent, “Non apparuit tibi Dominus.” Sed Deus dedit Moysi
potestatem magnam, ut posset persuadere Hebraeis. Dixit itaque Deus,
“Quid est quod tenes in manu tua?” Respondit, “Virga.” Dixitque Domi¬
nus, “Proice earn in terrain.” Proiecit, et versa est in serpentem, ita ut fugeret
Moyses. Dixitque Dominus, “Extende manum tuam, et apprehende cau-
dam eius.” Qui manum extendit, et versa est in virgam, ita ut Moyses ipse
incolumis esset, sine vulnere. Deus etiam dedit Moysi potestatem faciendi
signa alia, imperavitque ei ut faceret ea coram Pharaone.

Moyses itaque reliquit Jethro, et iter fecit per desertum. Aaron autem,
frater Moysis, monitus a Deo, venit obviam Moysi in deserto. Moyses et
Aaron venerunt simul, et congregaverunt omnes seniores filiorum Israel.
Locutusque est Aaron omnia verba quae dixerat Dominus ad Moysen; et
fecit signa coram populo, et credidit populus. Audivenintque quod visita-
visset Dominus filios Israel, et proni adoraverunt. Intellexerunt enim quod
Deus re vera locutus erat Moysi.

Post haec ingressi sunt Moyses et Aaron, et dixerunt Pharaoni, “Haec
dicit Dominus Deus Israel: Dimitte populum meum, ut sacrificet mihi in
deserto.” At ille respondit, “Quis est Dominus, ut audiam vocem eius, et
dimittam Israel? Nescio Dominum, et Israel non dimittam.” Praecepit ergo
in die illo praefectis operum dicens, “Ne ultra praebeatis paleas populo
Hebraeorum ut faciant lateres. Sed ipsi vadant et colligant paleas suas.”
(Continuabitur eras)

persuader e-persuade
virga -rod
proietTt-throw
apprehendere-mA:e
cmda-tail

incolumis-unharmed
vulnus-wounrf
obviam-/o meet ( adv .)
simul-a/ the same time
congTegAre-gather
pronus -prostrate
intellexit -understood
praefectus -prefect
ultra-any more
praebeTC-furnish
palea-chaff
\aitT-brick

VOCABULARIUM

intellegere, lexit, lectus-

forth

understand

incolumis, e, i-unharmed

persuadere, suasit.

magnum vulnus, vulnere-

su&sus -persuade (with

wound

dat.)

obviam (adverb)-to meet

praebere, praebuit,

(dat.)

praebitus-/M/7iz's/i (

simul-af the same time

offer

ultra (adverb and prep.

[proiciunt] proicere.

with obj.) — more,

iecit, iectus-l/irow

further, beyond

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Give comparative and superlative adjective forms of:
integer, durus, bonus, parvus. 2. Give the comparative
and superlative adverbs of: fords, pulcher. 3. Decline
together: cornu fortius, facies melior.

Narratio Babylonica de Diluvio

In poemate epico de Gilgamesh, Utanapistim de max-
imo diluvio quod in diebus suis venerat narravit. Iam
narrationem in Scripturis Sacris de diluvio biblico leg-
imus. Nunc narrandum est de diluvio Babylonico.
Postea comparationem ( comparison ) inter utramque
{each ) versionem faciemus.

Olim dei concilium habuerunt. In hoc concilio de
humano genere deliberaverunt. Quandam ob causam
(nihil de peccato dicitur in versione Babylonica) dei
humanum genus delere volunt, diluviumque mittere
statuunt (decide).

Unus ex his deis amicum humanum quern non vult
delere habet. Hie deus, cui nomen est Ea (deus aquarum
est) ad amicum suum Utanapistim vadit, et eum de
diluvio venturo monet. Insuper, Ea mandat ut Utanapis¬
tim navem aedificet, mensurasque ( dimensions ) navis
ei dat. Imperat etiam ut Utanapistim animalia omnis
generis in navem suam ducat. Utanapistim omnia sicut
Ea mandavit facit, et in navem ingreditur cum uxore

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sua, omnibusque anim^libus. Imber de coelis dies sep-
tem cadit. Omnes alii homines animaMque in 4quis in-
terfecti sunt. Utanapistim autem, et qui cum eo in navi
sunt, salvi (safe) sunt. Quodam die post imbres, navis in
montem qui Nisir voc£turvenit. Utanapistim columbam
(dove) et p£sserem (sparrow) ex navi mittit, sed ad eum
revertuntur. Postea cornicem (crow) emittit ex navi.
Cornix non reversa est. Utanapistim igitur ex navi
egrdditur, et sacrificium offert. Dei, qui in coelum fuger-
ant, tim6ntes diluvium, sicut muscae (flies )—sic enim
narrat narr&tio Babylonica—ad sacrificium descdndunt.
Sed quidam deus qui vocatur Bel ir^scitur quia Utana¬
pistim ex diluvio incolumis ev4sit. Nihilominus yiius
deus, Enlil, praemia ad Utanapistim dare vult, quia ille
genus hum^num serv&vit. Itaque Enlil ponit Utanapis¬
tim et uxorem eius in locum trans aquas mortis, datque
eis immortality tern (Comparytio cum Scripturis fiet
eras.)

English to Latin

1. The gods held a council and sent a flood to destroy
the human race. 2. If Ea does not warn Utanapistim,
he also will be destroyed. 3. Aaron came to meet him

in the desert. 4. Moses did not understand why the bush
remained unharmed. 5. Was Bel a much greater god
than Ea? 6. The gods came down like flies to take the
sacrifice. 7. Utanapistim escaped from the danger of
dying in the flood.

Spectaculum Novum

Quidam bonus agricola, Egbertus nomine, non poterat
bene vid6re propter debilitytem (weakness) oculorum.
Iter ergo fecit in urbem ad optometristam (id est, ad
oculorum medicum [eye doctor]). Optometrista posuit
ante Egebertum litteras parvas et interrogyvit, “Potesne
legere has litteras?” Cui Egbertus respondit, “Non
possum.” Deinde posuit optometrista alias litteras
maiores, et eodem modo interrogyvit. Iterum respondit
Egbertus se non posse legere illas litteras. Maiores litte¬
ras iterum posuit m6dicus, et idem responsum accepit.
Ultimo litteras pedis unius (one foot) posuit medicus,
interrogavitque Egbertum, “Certe, nunc 16gere has lit¬
teras potes?” Cui Egbertus respondit, “Non possum.”
“Quomodo (how) yeeidit?” dixit m6dicus. Et Egbertus
respondit, “Numquam didici 16gere.”

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA QUINTA

De conditionibus idealibus
De formis verbi: malle

Moyses et Aaron semel venerant coram Pharaone rogantes ut concederet
licentiam discedendi Hebraeis. Qui non solum negavit licentiam, verum
etiam magis oppressit Hebraeos. Populus Israel venit ad Moysen et Aaron,
querentes de oppresione. Deus itaque mandavit Moysi et Aaron ut iterum
venfrent ad Pharaonem, ut liberaretur populus ab oneribus quae vix
sustinere poterant, et ut licentiam haberent egrediendi ex Aegypto.

Iam Moyses vidit se frustra locuturum esse verba Pharaoni, nisi etiam
miracula faceret. Aaron ergo convertit virgam in serpentem coram Phara¬
one. Hie autem vocavit magos suos, qui idem fecerunt. Sed virga Aaron
devoravit virgas eorum.

At Pharao remansit in duritia cordis sui, prohibui'tque Hebraeos egredi
ex Aegypto. Deus ergo fecit decern signa magna, quae fuerunt decern
plagae Aegypti. Aaron venit ad ripam fluminis Nili, percussitque flumen
virga sua. Ecce, aqua fluminis facta est sanguis. Pharao autem adhuc
durus erat. Post dies septem, Aaron extendit manum suam super flumina
Aegypti, et statim multitudo magna ranarum venerunt ex aquis, et imple-
verunt omnem terram. Ranae venerunt in domos omnium, etiam in pala-
tium regis. Pharao territus est, vocavitque Moysen et Aaron, “Rogate
Dominum pro me, ait, ut ranae discedant a me et populo meo et dimittam
populum tuum.” Moyses fecit quae rex petiverat, et ranae discesserunt. At
Pharao, videns se populumque suum liberatos esse a ranis, adhuc noluit
dimittere Hebraeos. (Continuabitur eras)

semel -once
concedere-^ranf
negar e-refuse
queri -complain
\\x-hardly
sustinere-6ear
frustra-m vain
magus -magician
devorare-eaf
duritia-hardness
cox-heart
prohibuit -forbade
plaga -plague
percussit -struck
rana -frog
\mp\6v\t-filled

VOCABULARIUM

concedere, cessit, cessus-

queri, questus est-

yield, grant

complain

negare, avit, atus -deny,

sustinere, sustinuit,

say no, refuse

sustentus -withstand,

prohibere, prohibuit,

hold up, bear

pxohibitus-prohibit,

frustra-m vain

prevent

semel -once
\\x-hardly, scarcely

Nunc Cogitemus

Ideal Conditions: Here are samples of the three kinds
of ideal conditional sentences. Again, it is best to
work by imitating a set of samples (would be good to
memorize them):

1. Si venerit (veniat)—bonum sit. (future ideal)

If he should come (or comes)—it would be well.

2. Si adesset—bonum esset. (present ideal)

If he were here—it would be well.

3. Si adfuisset—bonum fuisset. (past ideal)

If he had been here—it would have been well.
Notice the distinguishing marks of these kinds—sub¬
junctive in Latin —would in the second part of the sen¬
tence (main clause) in English. Notice also how the
Latin tenses run: one notch off (we have no future sub¬
junctive, and so use present subjunctive for future ideal):

Future ideal: present subjunctive (sometimes per¬
fect subjunctive in the si clause)

Present ideal: imperfect subjunctive
Past ideal: pluperfect subjunctive

The Verb Malle (“Prefer”): Its forms are much
like those of velle (wish):

Present indicative: malo, mavis, mavult, malumus,
mavultis, malunt

Imperfect indicative: malebam, etc.

Future indicative: malam, males, etc.

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Perfect indicative: malui, isti, etc.

Present subjunctive: malim, etc.

The other forms are too obvious to need to be written
out.

Comparatio Inter Duas Narrationes Diluvii

Prima facie ( at first sight ) narratio Babylonica simil-
lima videtur esse narrationi in Sacris Scripturis. Sed si
diligenter studeamus, maximas adesse differentias vide-
amus. In Scripturis enim diluvium non a multis deis, sed
a Deo uno mittitur. Et saepe videmus hanc differentiam
in duabus narrationibus—Babylonica enim supponit
(supposes) polytheismum verum esse. Scriptiira, e con¬
tra, omnino monotheistica est. In Scripturis, diluvium
est poena ( punishment ) peccatorum hominum. In
Babylonia, e contra, diluvium non dicitur esse poena
peccati. In Scriptura, unus solus verus Deus monet Noe
de diliivio venturo. In Babylonia unus parvus deus,
contra voluntatem aliorum deorum, vult servare
Utanapistim. Mensurae ( dimensions ) navis diversae in
duabus narrationibus sunt—sed differentia huius modi
non gravis est. Simflia sunt ea quae narrantur de imbri-
bus, de monte Nisir, de avibus (birds) missis ex area.
Post diluvium, et Noe et Utanapistim sacrificia offerunt.
Sed in Babylonia, videtur quod sacrificium fere neces-
sarium deis est. In Scriptura, Deus non eget (needs)

sacrificiis nostris, et ea habere vult solummodo in sig-
num bonarum dispositionum cordis (heart) humani. In
Babylonia dei congregantur “sicut muscae”—sunt verba
ipsa narrationis Babylonicae. Nihil tarn indignum
(unworthy) Deo in Scripturis habetur. In Babylonia,
deus Bel irascitur quod (because) Utanapistim ex
diliivio evasit. In Scripturis, Deus non irascitur. Ipse
enim, qui solus est Deus, fecit Noe evadere.

Valde magnae ergo sunt differentiae inter utramque
(each) narrationem. Quid ergo dicendum est de multis
rebus similibus in eis? Veritas in hac re non clara est
—forsan utraque (each) narratio venit traditionibus
antiquis. In Babylonia, hae traditiones mutatae sunt
polytheistice (polytheistically, i.e., so as to speak of
many gods). In Scriptura, scriptor humanus, sub in-
spiratione divina scribens, omnem vitat (avoids) er¬
ror em.

English to Latin

1. If Ea had not warned him, Utanapistim would have
died. 2. Most of the gods would have preferred to kill
him. 3. If Bel should see the ship, would he destroy it?
4. If they did not have sacrifices, what would the gods
do? 5. Gilgamesh says, “If I were immortal, I would
be happy.” 6. Pharao would yield if he knew the truth
about God. 7. If Pharao wants to see me, let him call me.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SEXTA

De gerundive >

Ph&rao, videns ranas abifsse, Iterum indur^vit cor suum, nec permfsit
Hebraefs ut exlrent ex Aeg^pto. At Aaron, iussu Dei, percussit virga sua
pulverem terrae. Confestim multa mfllia clnifum vendrunt e pulvere in
omnes homines et in anim£lia in univ6rsa terra Aeg^pti. Magi Pharaonis
conatf sunt educere cfnifes e terra, nec potu6runt. Et magi Pharaoni dixe-
runt, “Digitus Dei hie est." Ph£rao autem non audlvit eos. Induritum est
enim cor illfus. Dixit quoque Dominus ad Moysen, “Vade ad Pharaonem
et dices ad eum: Haec dicit Dominus: Dimftte populum meum, ut sacrificet
mihi. Quod si non dimfseris eum, ecce ego mittam in te et in servos tuos
et in populum tuum et in domos tuas omne genus musc4rum. Faci&mque
mir£bilem in die ilia terram Gessen in qua populus meus est, ut non sint ibi
muscae: et scias quod ego Dominus in m6dio terrae. Pon&mque divisionem
inter populum meum et populum tuum: eras erit signum istud. Fecftque
Dominus ita. Et ven6runt muscae gravfssimae in domos Pharaonis et
servorum eius, et in omnem terram Aeg^pti; corruptaque est terra ab huius
modi muscis.

Vocavltque Ph&rao Moysen et Aaron et ait eis, “Ite et sacrifice Deo
vestro in terra hac.” Et ait Moyses, “Non potest ita fieri. Sed viam trium
di6rum per gem us in solitudinem, et sacrific4bimus Domino Deo nostro,
sicut praec6pit nobis.” Dixltque Phirao, “Ego dimlttam vos, ut sacrific6tis
Domino Deo vestro in des6rto; verumtamen longius ne abeitis. Rog&te
pro me.”

Egressusque Moyses a Pharaone, or&vit Dominum. Qui fecit secundum
verbum illfus, et 4bstulit muscas a Pharaone et a servis eius, et a populo
eius. At cor Pharaonis Iterum induritum est, et non dimlsit populum.
(Continu&bitur eras)

induT&re-harden
cox-heart
exfre-go out
iussu-by order
pexcussit-struck
puWis-dust
clnif cs-gnats
educer e-lead out
digitus -finger
hie -here
quoqut-also
quod si-but if
musca -fly
licx'i-be done
p6rger e-go

\exuxxitaxxiexi-nevertheless
ox&xe-pray, beg
egr6ssus-^o out

VOCABULARIUM

indur&re, 4vit, 4tus-

harden

digitus, o -finger

or£re, £vit, £tus -beg,

multus pulvis, pulvere-

pray

dust

percutiunt, percutere,

hie {adverb)-here

percussit, percussus-

quod si -but if

strike

quoque-a/jo, even

p6rgere, perr6xit,

{never first word )

perrectus -proceed, go

Nunc Cogitemus

Further Uses of the Gerundive: We have already
seen how to use the gerundive f-ndus) to express pur¬

pose —in that sense it was used with ad, causa , grdtia,
and sometimes ob, propter, or pro. When the gerundive
is used without any of those prepositions (and, of course,
not with a linking verb to express obligation), it may
give the same effect as the English gerund with an
object. Quite a variety of combinations are possible:

1. Marcus consul factus est donis dandis.

Marcus became consul by giving bribes (gifts).

2. Brutus interf6ctus est in liberdnda pdtria.

Brutus was killed in freeing his country.

3. Scripsit librum de contemnenda gldria.

He wrote a book about despising glory.

4. Curavit pontem faciendum.

He took care of making a bridge (or he had a
bridge made).

Notice how these translations work:

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1. Translate the preposition (if any—or consider
what case we have).

2. Translate the -ndus form by the English gerund
i-ing).

3. Put the Latin noun (the one with which the
gerundive agrees) after the gerund in English, as
its object.

Test this procedure on each of the above examples.
It will seem strange at first—but actually this use of the
gerundive is a handy short cut in Latin.

De Pharaone et Iudaeis

Ouodam die, unus ex consili&riis ( counsellors ) regis ad
Pharaonem accessit, et fere hoc modo locutus est ei,
“Domine mi rex, lic6tne mihi servo vestro loqui vobis de
rebus magnis faci6ndis?” Cui PMrao, “Licet. Loqu&ris
nobis. Consili&riis audiendis, multa bona tecere pos-
sumus.” “In regno vestro,” ait servus regis, “populus
novus est. Hie populus crescit, et fit gens magna. Ergo,
timor mihi est.” “Sed quare timendum est,” interrog&vit
rex. “Nonne bonum est ut multos subi6ctos habedmus?
Possunt tributa (taxes) solvere; possunt in op6ribus
magnis faci6ndis labor&re. Sed qui sunt hi homines?”
“Hebra6i voc6ntur, domine mi rex.” “Ex qua terra ven6-
runt?” “Audivi eos venlsse in hanc terram, multis sa6cu-

lis ante regnum vestrum. Ouidam dicunt eos venisse ex
Ch&naan.” Cui rex, “Sed nonne homines boni sunt?
Quare eos tim£ndos esse credis?” Respondens itaque
consilidrius dixit, “Vid6tur quod Hebra6i in terram
nostram ven6runt t6mpore quo reges mali hanc terram
reg6bant, domine mi rex. Id est, ven6runt tempore quo
reges Aeg^pti erant homines qui vocab4ntur Hyksos. Hi
enim reges in Aeg^pto fuerunt plus quam centum annos.
Non erant reges boni. Non enim regn&bant per potestd-
tem dei magni qui est in coelis, quern voc&mus ‘Horns.’
Sed solummodo per potest&tem alterius dei ‘Seth’
regnav6runt. Hebraei autem videntur potestdtem mag-
nam habufsse in di6bus horum regum malorum.” (Con-
tinu&bitur)

English to Latin

1. By destroying the ships, the Romans defeated
Carthage. 2. The gods spoke about destroying all men.
3. The art of ruling men is quite difficult. 4. By striking
the dust, Aaron called forth thousands of gnats (cmi-
fum). 5. If Pharao had feared God, he would not have
hardened his heart. 6. If the Hebrews had not been in
Gessen, would they have had gnats? 7. God preferred to
send Moses to free His people by working (use fdeere)
miracles.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA SEPTIMA

De verbis impersonalibus
De ablativis causae et separations

Dixit autem Dominus ad Moysen, “Ingredere ad Pharaonem, et loquere
ad eum: Haec dicit Dominus Deus Hebraeorum: Dimitte populum meum
ut sacrificet mihi. Quod si adhuc impedis eos et retines eos, ecce manus
mea erit super agros tuos, et super animalia vestra. Et faciet Dominus
mirabile inter possessions Israel et possessions Aegyptiorum, ut nihil
omnino pereat ex his quae pertinent ad filios Israel.” Statuitque Dominus
tempus, dicens, “Cras faciet Dominus verbum istud in terra.” Fecit ergo
Dominus verbum hoc altera die. Mortuaque sunt multa animalia Aegypti¬
orum ex omnibus generibus animalium eorum; de animalibus vero filiorum
Israel nihil omnino periit. Et misit Pharao ad videndum: nec erat quid-
quam mortuum de his quae possidebat Israel. Induratumque est cor
Pharaonis, et non dimisit populum.

Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen et Aaron, “Tollite plenas manus cineris et
spargat cinerem Moyses in coelum coram Pharaone. Sitque pulvis super
omnem terram Aegypti: erunt enim in hominibus et iumentis ulcera in
universa terra Aegypti.”

Tulerunt itaque Moyses et Aaron cineres, steteruntque coram Pharaone.
Et sparsit cineres Moyses in coelum; factaque sunt ulcera in hominibus et
in iumentis. Nec poterant magi Pharaonis stare coram Moyse propter
ulcera quae in illis erant et in omni terra Aegypti. Pharao autem ipse mansit
adhuc in duritia cordis sui, et noluit dimittere populum Israel de Aegypto.
Hoc modo Deus misit per Moysen plagas multas in Pharaonem et in
omnem populum eius. At oportuit adhuc mittere alias plagas in Aegyptum
antequam Pharao vellet dimittere filios Israel ex terra ilia. (Continuabitur
cras)

impedixe-hinder
retinere-/io/d back
pereat ( from perire)
pertiner c-belong to
statuere-.se/
quidquam-arry//i/>zg
possidere-poiieii
cox-heart
cinis-as’/iei
sparger e-scatter
iumentum-6eas/ of burden
ulcera -ulcers
oportuit-wuj necessary

Nunc Cogitemus

Impersonal Verbs: There are some verbs that have
no forms except the third person singular, with the
subject it in English. These verbs are always impersonal.
(There are, as we shall see, many verbs that may be used
impersonally, but have more forms than merely third
singular.) For example:

Placuit senatui mittere eos in carcerem.

It pleased the senate (or the senate decided) to send
them to prison.

We could also write the same sentence thus:

Placuit senatui ut mitterentur in carcerem.

Or another: Licet vobis discedere ex Aegypto.

It is permitted to you to depart from Egypt.

160

VOCABULARIUM

impedire, ivit, itus-
hinder, impede
licet, licere, licuit,
licitum est-/7 is
permitted
oportet, oportere,
oportuit-// is neces¬
sary, it is proper
pertinere, pertinuit, —:

pertain, belong
placet, placere, placuit,
placitum est-/7 pleases,
it is decided

possidere, possedit,
possessor-possess
retinere, retinuit,
retentus-fceep back,
retain

statuere, statuit, statutus-
set, decide

multus cinis, cinere-os/ies
quisquam, quicquam (or
quidquam— decline
the quis part, not the
quam)— anyone, any¬
thing

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Which could also be: Licet ut discedatis ex Aegypto.
Another example: Oportet vos discedere.

It is proper that you go.

Which could be: Oportet (ut) vos discedatis.

Notice that some of these verbs, such as placet and licet,
take the dative. Notice also that to explain the subject it,
we may have a clause—this clause is sometimes objec¬
tive with infinitive, sometimes ut with subjunctive. In
general, any impersonal verb may have the objective
with the infinitive clause—but the wr-subjunctive is
usually restricted to verbs that have an idea of willing,
wanting, permitting, deciding or something similar.

As to verbs that are sometimes, not always, impersonal
—consider this example:

Nuntiatur Caesarem adesse.

It is reported that Caesar is present.

No real problem in it. But some others are a bit different:
Ventum est in terram novam.

They came into the new land.

We cannot translate ventum est literally; it would mean

“it was corned” (by-). Instead of they, in the above

sentence, the general sense might have called for he, she,
we, you or even /.

Ablative of Cause and Ablative of Separation:
We have already learned that the ablative without a
preposition may be translated in English by: in, by,
with. Now we must add two more meanings: because of
and from. Of course an ablative of separation (from)
often does have a preposition ( ab, ex, de), but some¬
times it does not. Hardly ever does it have one with
names of towns, as we have already seen.

1. Peccatis meis Deus haec fecit.

Because of my sins God has done this.

2. Liberavit me omni cura.

He freed me from all care.

Continuantur Verba Pharaonis et

CONSILIARII ElUS

“Nunc autem,” perrexit consiliarius loquens Pharaoni,
“videtur mihi quod periculum est ex hoc populo. Sicut

enim dixi, in terram nostram venerunt temporibus
malorum regum. Sed insuper, hi Hebraei loquuntur
saepe de magno viro ex gente sua quern vocant Iose-
phum. Dicunt hunc virum Iosephum fuisse magnum
principem sub quodam ex his regibus malis.” “Et quis
revera erat hie Iosephus,” interrogavit Pharao. “Eum
nescio.” Cui consiliarius, “Ego quoque Iosephum nescio.
Nihilominus, si quodam tempore hi Hebraei mag-
nam habuerunt potestateiq in terra nostra, nonne peri¬
culum est ne, si lterum gentes aliae faciant bellum contra
nos, Hebraei pugnent cum illis contra nos? Crescunt
numero valde, sicut dixi. Ergo videtur mihi oportere ut
aliquid faciamus de his hominibus. Nunc autem, liceat
mihi ut explicem consilium novum et bonum de Hebraeis
impediendis.” Cui rex, “Licet ut explices. Semper nos
oportet audire consilia virorum egregiorum. Sed expli-
candum est consilium tuum.” “In parte septentrionali
terrae vestrae, domine mi rex, olim fuerunt duae urbes
bonae. Nunc autem, in eadem parte terrae vestrae He¬
braei agros possident. Itaque, si liceat mihi loqui, hoc
videtur bonum: Oportet ut rex edictum faciat de his
urbibus lterum aedificandis. Hebraei cogendi sunt ut
laborent in urbibus faciendis. Si ergo Pharaoni placeat
haec imperare, ego servus vester statim curabo haec
facienda.” Cui rex, “Ea quae dixisti bona videntur.
Perge, cura statim urbes aedificandas.”

English to Latin

1. They were not permitted (literally: it was not per¬
mitted to them) to go out of Egypt. 2. It was necessary
that Moses send more plagues. 3. Because of the great
war, we do not wish to stay here: we prefer to leave.
4. Pharao decided to let them go, but then hardened his
heart again. 5. Because of many plagues the Hebrews
feared God. 6. Did Moses scarcely escape death in sav¬
ing the people? 7. But if Aaron had not struck the earth
with his rod, the gnats would not have come.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA OCTAVA

Nihil novi hodie—veteribus studeamus

Etiam post ulcera accepta Phirao noluit dimittere Israel. Moyses itaque,
iubente Domino, mane surr6xit vaditque ad Pharaonem. Dixitque Moyses,
“Haec dicit Dominus Deuj Hebrae6rum: Dimitte populum meum ut
sacrificet mihi. Ut scias quod non sit similis mei in omni terra, nunc ex-
tendens manum percutiam te et populum tuum. En pluam eras hac ipsa
hora grandinem multam nimis, qualis non fuit in Aeg^pto a die qua
fundita est, usque in praesens tempus.”

Extendente itaque Moyse manum suam in coelum, facta est grando in
univ6rsa terra Aeg^pti, et Dominus dedit tonitrua ac discurrentia fulgura
super terram Aeg^pti. Et percussit grando, in omni terra Aeg^pti, cuncta
quae fu6runt in agris, ab homine usque ad iumdntum. Tantum in terra
Gessen, ubi erant filii Israel, grando non c6cidit.

Misitque Phirao et voc&vit Moysen et Aaron, dicens ad eos, “Peccivi
etiam nunc. Dominus iustus; ego et populus meus, impii. Orite Dominum
ut d6sinant tonitrua Dei, et grando: ut dimittem vos, et nequiquam hie
ultra maneitis.”

Egressusque Moyses a Pharaone ex urbe, tetendit manus ad Dominum;
et cessavdrunt tonitrua et grando, nec ultra ven6runt super terram. Domi¬
nus fecit haec quod Moyses rogiverat eum. Pharao autem, videns quod
cessavisset grando et tonitrua, auxit peccitum suum; et induritum est cor
eius, nec dimisit filios Israel, sicut praeceperat Dominus per manum
Moysis.

mane-/n the morning
tn-behold
grando-/m<7 storm
nimis-very
qualis-suc/i, such as
tomtruum-thunder
discurrere-r«n about
f ulgur-light ning
cunctus -all
desinere-ceare
nequ4quam-6y no means
tetindit-stretched
cessdvit -ceased
quod -because
auxit-increased

V OCA BU L ARIUM

augere, auxit, auctus-

cunctus, a, um -all

increase

clarum fulgur, fulgure-

cess&re, ivit, atus-cease

lightning

desinere, desivit, desitus-

qualis, e, i -such, what kind

cease, stop

nimis (adverb)-very,

t6ndere, tetendit, tentus-

exceedingly, too

stretch, spread

quod-because

note: Notice the new use of quod in the sense of be¬
cause. Quod also may mean that, for indirect state¬
ments, or for substantive clauses. It can also be one form
of the relative pronoun, meaning which or that.

Videamus Formas Veteres

1. Find three basic English translations that will cover
all uses of the future passive participle, gerundive, and
gerund. 2. List all the meanings you know for the

ablative without a preposition—invent examples of
each (it is well to have one example of each memorized).
3. Give the third singular of all tenses and moods of the
verb malle. 4. Summarize the entire rule for Latin con¬
ditions, both real and ideal, in one sentence (make it
short, not more than 20 words will easily do).

Pharao de Moyse audit

“Vocavistine me, Domine mi Rex?” dixit senex, qui erat
princeps inter omnes consiliirios Pharaonis. “•tique,”
rex ait, “audivimus virum novum in hanc terram venfsse
cui nomen Moyses. Alii consiliirii nostri monuerunt nos
de hoc viro. Dicunt eum esse periculo omni terrae
Aeg^pti. Sed novimus te fuisse consili&rium patris mei et
monufsse eum de populo quodam qui dicuntur Hebra6i.
Nunc autem, hie Moyses dfeitur esse vir ex Hebra6is.”
“Vera sunt haec,” respondit vetus consiliirius. “Paucis
annis ante mortem patris vestri, ad eum veni et per-
su&si ut cogeret hunc populum laborire in laboribus
duris. Si haec non monuissem, et si Phirao haec non

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imperavisset, forsan hi Hebrali plus aucti essent, et
regnum Pharaonis delevissent. £tiam consilium dedi de
interfici6ndis omnibus pueris Hebraeorum in inftintia.”
“Quomodo ergo hie vir Moyses non est interf6ctus?” in-
terrog&vit Ph&rao. “Mater huius pueri novum consilium
ad puerum serv&ndum invenit. Posuit enim eum in
sporta in flumine sacro. Fflia regis, hunc puerum videns,
desiderivit eum habdre. ltaque, fflia Pharaonis iubdnte,
mater ipsa huius Moysis 41uit puerum paucos annos. His
annis finitis, puer in palitium regis ipsius venit, vixitque
ibi. Ph&rao autem nesci6bat puerum esse Hebra6um.
Cum autem puer crevisset et vir factus esset, ost6ndit se
amire Hebraeos, etiam virum Aegyptiacum percussit.
Hanc propter causam, fugiendum erat ei in terram
Median. Ibi multos annos rem^nsit. Sed dicunt eum
vidisse visionem Dei Hebraeorum. Deus dixit ei redeun-
dum esse in terram nostram, et Hebra6os duc6ndos esse
ex regno vestro. M61ius esset nobis si mortuus esset in
flumine!”

Ubi est Georgius Washington?

Quidam senex (old man) per viam dmbulans (walk)
vidit quinque pueros cum cane (dog). “Quid f&cilis?”
interrogivit senex. “Mendicia (lies) dicimus,” re-
spdndit unus ex pueris, “Quisquis (whoever) maximum
narrat mendicium, canem hunc habdbit.” “Sed ego,”
dixit senex, “cum puer essem, numquam mendicium
dixi.” Sil6ntium breve erat—deinde unus puer ad senem
locutus est: “Accipe eum—canis tuus est.”

English to Latin

1. If Pharao had not sinned, the plagues would not have
come. 2. Why did he not decide to let Israel go? 3.
Pharao did not free them from work. 4. Pharao in¬
creased his sin by hardening his heart. 5. Lightning,
such as Egypt had never seen before that time, came
upon the whole land. 6. When Moses extended his hand,
the thunder stopped. 7. The lightning was seen in all the
land except the part in which the Hebrews lived.

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LECTIO SEPTUAGESIMA NONA

De casu locativo

De ablativo instrument et personae agentis

Introierunt ergo Moyses et Aaron ad Pharaonem et dixerunt ei, “Haec
dicit Dominus Deus Hebraeorum: Osquequo non vis obedire mihi? Di-
mitte populum meum ut sacrificet mihi. Sin autem resistis, et non vis
dimittere eum: ecce ego inducam eras locustam in fines tuos et si quid
grando non delevit, comedent locustae. Et implebunt domos tuas et servo-
rum tuorum.” Dixerunt autem servi Pharaonis ad eum, “Osquequo patie-
mur hoc scandalum? Dimitte homines ut sacrificed. Nonne vides quod
perierit Aegyptus?” Revocaveruntque Moysen et Aaron, et Pharao voluit
permittere eis ut solummodo viri sine mulieribus et liberis irent et sacrifi-
carent. Statimque eiecti sunt de conspectu Pharaonis.

Extendit Moyses virgam super terram Aegypti; et Dominus induxit
ventum urentem tota die ilia et nocte; et mane, ventus urens levavit locustas.
Quae ascenderunt super universam terram, vastantes omnia. Quam ob
rem Pharao festinus vocavit Moysen et Aaron, et dixit, “Peccavi in Domin-
um Deum vestrum et in vos. Sed nunc dimittite peccatum meum.” Moyses
l'taque egressus oravit Dominum. Qui flare fecit ventum ab occidente
vehementissimum, et arripuit locustas proiecitque in Mare Rubrum.
At Pharao iterum induravit cor suum, nec dimisit Israel.

Moyses igitur extendit manum in coelum; et factae sunt tenebrae hor-
ribiles in universa terra Aegypti tribus diebus. Nemo vidit fratrem suum,
nec movit se de loco in quo erat. At ubicumque habitabant filii Israel lux
erat. Vocavitque Pharao Moysen et Aaron et dixit eis, “Ite, sacrificate
Domino. Oves tantum vestrae et armenta remaneant.” At Moyses negavit
se posse ire sine armentis. Dixitque Pharao ad Moysen, “Discede a me, et
cave ne ultra videas faciem meam. Quocumque die apparueris mihi,
morieris.” Respondit Moyses, “Ita fiet ut locutus es. Non videbo ultra
faciem tuam.”

introivit-wenr in

usquequo-/joH' long

sin -but if

resister e-resist

inducere-bring in

locusta -locust(s)

eicere-throw out

conspectus-sight

UTCTC-burn

levar e-raise

festinus -swift

flare-fc/oH'

arripuit-snatch

ruber-red

tenebra e-darkness

ubicumque-w/jerever

o\es-sheep

armentum -flock

quicuraque-w/iof what )-ever

ut -as

V OCABULARIUM

flare, avit, atus -blow only the qui-) -whoever,

introire, iit, *iturus -enter whichever, whatever

levare, avit, atus -raise, ruber, rubra, rubrum-reJ

relieve tenebrae, is -darkness

urere, ussit, ustus -burn sin -but if

quicumque, quaecumque, ut ( with indicative)-as,
quodcumque ( decline when

Nunc Cogitemus

Locative Case: We have already noted that the names
of towns and cities do not usually use a preposition with
the objective and the ablative to mean to or from the

town. Now when the sense is that of staying in the town,
something similar happens. We have the locative case
(which is used only on names of towns, cities, and a few
stray other words, such as domus — domi: at home).
This locative case exists only in the first and second

DECLENSIONS.

Endings are: 1. -ae 2. -i

Thus: Romae Tarenti

(In the plurals of first and second declensions, and in
the third declension, we use the ablative.)

Seldom do we find: in Roma, in Tarento, etc.

Ablatives of Instrument and Personal Agent:
For the most part we have not found it necessary to give
special rules on when to use or omit prepositions with

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the ablative: in most uses, it is possible to use the case
either way. But there are two uses in which most authors
are particular about the prepositions:

Instrument—no preposition (some Late authors use
de or ex, but not very commonly)

Personal agent—uses ab

The difference is not hard to see from a pair of examples:

1. Interfectus est gladio.

He was killed by a sword.

2. Interfectus est a Marco.

He was killed by Marcus.

In other words, in both examples we have something
done by a person or thing. But when we have a person,
a preposition (ab) is normal—when we have a thing, no
preposition is ordinarily used.

Pharao Audit Consilium Bonum

“Licetne ut loquar pauca ad dominum meum regem?”
interrogavit idem vetus consiliarius, cum ad Pharaonem
introisset. Cui Pharao, “Licet, sed breviter. Valde enim
moti sumus illis rebus quae facta sunt a viro pessimo
Moyse.” “Breviter faciam,” respondit consiliarius. “Ego
quoque passus sum multa ab eo. Ipso die in quo Moyses
ante vos venit, ad petendam licentiam discedendi populo
suo, timui. Non solum enim frater eius Aaron virgam
suam in serpentem convertit, sed etiam, percutiendo
fllimine, fecit aquam sacri fluminis in sanguinem! Dixi
enim in mente mea: ‘Magno periculo terrae nostrae sunt
hi viri! Videtur quod magni dei pro eis pugnant. Forsan

maiores sunt quam dei Aegypti!’ Sed iterum cogitavi non
oportere hoc modo loqui. Deinde post septem dies,
manu extensa super flumen, idem Aaron fecit multitudi-
nem magnam ranarum venire. Etiam in palatium sac¬
rum venerunt! Postea, pulvere percutiendo, vocavit
Aaron multa millia cinifum e terra. Magi autem vestri
hoc non potuerunt facere, ita ut dicerent: ‘Manus Dei est
hie!’ Cum autem cinifes discessissent, misit Deus eorum
muscas in omnem terram Aegypti—sed non in partem
terrae ubi habitant Hebraei isti! Magno terrori erat mihi
cogitare de his! Post haec multa animalia nostra mortua
sunt—sed non animalia Hebraeorum. Deinde Moyses
ipse, cinere spargendo in coelum coram Pharaone, misit
ulcera gravia in nos omnes. Insuper, extendenda manu,
misit idem vir in nos grandinem, locustas, et tenebras
horribiles, quae tamen in partem terrae ubi Hebraei sunt
non venerunt! Ergo, si liceat loqui, hoc dicam, ‘Forsan,
ne peiora accidant terrae nostrae, melius esset ut Hebraei
isti discedant.’ ”

English to Latin

1. There were many great men at Rome and at Athens.

2. Caesar was killed by Brutus. 3. He was killed with
a dagger. 4. If he had not desired to be a king, would
he have been killed? 5. Pharao said that he did not wish
to see the face of Moses again. 6. God sent lightning
into all Egypt, so that the people were terrified. 7. Be¬
cause of the sins of Pharao, ten plagues came upon the
land.

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LECTIO OCTOGESIMA

De clausulis inlroductis coniunctione: cunt
De variis rebus in declinatione tertia

Et dixit Dominus ad Moysen, “Adhuc una plaga tangam Pharaonem et
Aegyptum, et post haec dimfttet vos, et exfre compel let.” Dixitque Dominus
etiam, “Media nocte egrediar in Aegyptum, et morietur omne primogeni-
tum in terra Aegyptiorum, a primogenito Pharaonis, qui sedet in solio
eius, usque ad primogenitum ancillae quae est ad molam, et omnia primo-
gentia iumentorum. Eritque clamor magnus in universa terra Aegypti,
qualis nec ante hoc tempus fuit, nec postea futurus est. Mensis iste, vobis
erit princi'pium mensium: primus erit in mensibus anni. Loqufmini ad
universum coetum filiorum Israel et dfcite eis: Decima die mensis huius
tollat unus quisque (each and every one) agnum per famflias et domos
suas. Sin autem minor est numerus, ut sufficere possit ad vescendum agnum,
assumet vicinum suum, qui iunctus est domui suae, secundum numerum
animarum quae sufficere possunt ad esum agni. Erit autem agnus absque
macula, masculus, anniculus. Et servabitis eum usque ad quartam deci-
mam diem mensis huius. Immolabftque eum universa multitudo filiorum
Israel ad vesperam. Et sument de sanguine eius, ac ponent sanguinem
super utrumque postern, et in superliminaribus domorum in quibus come-
dent ilium. Et edent carnes nocte ilia assas igni, et azymos panes cum
lactucis agrestibus. Et transibo per terram Aegypti nocte ilia, percutiamque
omne primogenitum in terra Aegypti. Erit autem sanguis vobis in signum
in domibus in quibus eritis, et videbo sanguinem, et transibo vos, nec erit
in vobis plaga delens quando percussero terram Aegypti. Habebitis autem
hunc diem in monumentum, et celebrabitis earn solemnem Domino in
generationibus vestris.”

Factum est autem in noctis medio, percussit Dominus omne primogeni¬
tum in terra Aegypti, a primogenito Pharaonis usque ad primogenitum
captfvae, quae erat in carcere. Surrexftque Pharao nocte, et omnes servi
eius, omnfsque Aegyptus, et factus est clamor magnus in Aegypto. Neque
enim erat domus in qua non erat mortuus. Vocatfsque Moyse et Aaron
nocte, Pharao ait, “Surgite et egredfmini a populo meo, vos et fflii Israel:
ite, immolate Domino sicut dfcitis, et abeuntes benedfcite mihi.”

compeller e-drive
primogenitus-first-born
solium-throne
ancflla-s/ave girl
mola-m///

iumentum-Aearf of burden

clamor-shout

pfmdpium-beginning

coetus -assembly

quisque-each

ptr-by

sufficere-suffice
vesci -eat

assumere-/aA:e also
vicinus-neighbor
iunctus -joined
esus-eating
absque-without
macula -spot
annfculus-o/ie year old
\€sptxa-evening
uterqu t-each, both
postis-door post
superliminare-/wte/
assus -roasted
azymus-unleavened
agrestis -wild
lactuca -lettuce
in -as

Nunc Cogitemus

Cum Clauses: It is good now to review and make
more precise our information about clauses introduced
by cum. We already know that cum may have three
classes of meanings:

1. Time— when or after

2. Cause— because or since

3. Concession— although
We know that:

1. Cause and concession always have the
subjunctive.

2. Time sometimes has the subjunctive.

166

VOCABULARIUM

iungere, iunxit, iunctus-
join, yoke

vesci (no other parts)-eat
(often with abl.)
absque (withabl.)-
without

coetus, u -assembly,crowd
macula, a -spot
mola, a-mill, meal

princfpium, o-beginning
quisque, quaeque,

quidque (or quodque)-
each, each one
(unus quisque— each
and every one )
vicfnus, o (noun or ad /.)-
neighbor, neighboring

Circuluslatinus.org

But precisely when does time have the subjunctive? We
must distinguish primary and secondary sequence (see
Lesson 66—we have primary sequence when the main
verb refers to present or future time; secondary, when it
refers to past time).

In primary sequence, cum will have the indicative
whenever it is to be translated by when or after.

In secondary sequence, however, cum will have the
indicative only when the clause means merely time (i.e.,
no other idea, such as because or although is strongly
felt in the background). E.g.:

Cum sol oriebatur, Caesar profectus est.

When the sun was rising, Caesar set out.

The indicative is used because the idea is purely time
—there is no thought that Caesar was starting because
or although the sun was rising.

Mixed Stem Nouns in Third Declension: We have
already learned that there are two large groups of nouns
in third declension, depending on the ablative singular:

i —means that possessive plural will be-/um

nominative-objective plural of neuters will be -ia

e —means that possessive plural will be -um

nominative-objective plural of neuters will be -a

Actually, there are some nouns that are half-breeds,
or mixed stems. They have e in the ablative singular, but
-ium in the possessive plural. Which are these nouns?
There is no simple rule—experience and much reading
is the best teacher. But we may note that no neuters are
mixed stems. And most nouns of one syllable in the
nominative that end in -ns, -rs, -rx, -lx in the nominative
are mixed.

Rules for I-stem Nouns: I-stem nouns are those that
we have learned with i in the ablative singular. There
are three rules to help our memory in learning that abla¬
tive singular.

1. Monosyllables (i.e., nouns with one syllable in the
nominative) whose bases (ablative singular minus end¬
ing) end in two consonants—will be either I-stems or
mixed stems. (This group is masculine or feminine)

2. Parasyllables (i.e., nouns with same number of
syllables in nominative and ablative singular—e.g.,
civ is, civi) with nominative singular in -is or -es (will
be masculine or feminine)—will be I-stems.

3. Neuters in -e, -al, or -ar —will be I-stems. Unfor¬

tunately, there are exceptions to these rules—but they
are still a help to memory.

De Elia Propheta et Prophetis Baal

In diebus Eliae prophetae, cum Iudaei deos falsos et
idola colerent, Elias ad omnem populum Israel locutus
est dicens, “Osquequo (how long) claudicatis (waver)
inter duas partes. Si Dominus est Deus, sequimini eum:
si autem Baal est deus, sequimini ilium.” Et non respon¬
ds ei populus verbum. Et ait rursus Elias ad populum,
“Ego remansi propheta Domini solus: prophetae autem
Baal quadringenti et quinquaginta (450) viri sunt. Den-
tur (from dare) itaque nobis duo boves, et illi eligant
(choose) sibi bovem unum, et in frusta (pieces) caed-
entes (cutting) super ligna ponant, ignem autem non
supponant (put beneath)', et ego bovem alterum pa-
rabo, et super ligna imponam, ignem autem non suppo-
nam. Invocate nomina deorum vestrorum, et ego nomen
Domini mei invocabo: et Deus qui per ignem exaudiverit
(hear, grant favor), ipse sit Deus.” Respondens omnis
populus ait, “Optima propositio.”

Dixit ergo Elias prophetis Baal, “Eligite vobis bovem
unum, et parate primi, quia vos plures estis: et invocate
nomina deorum vestrorum, ignemque non supponatis.”

Qui cum tulissent bovem quern dederat eis, invoca-
bant nomen Baal de mane (morning) usque ad meri¬
diem (noon) dicentes, “Baal, exaudi nos.” Et non erat
vox, neque qui responderet. Transiliebantque (jump
over) altare quod fecerant.

Cumque iam esset meridies, illudebat (mock) illis
Elias, dicens, “Clamate voce maiore (louder): deus
enim est, et forsan loquitur, aut in diversorio (inn) est,
aut in itinere, aut certe dormit (is asleep), ut excitetur.”

Clamabant ergo voce magna, et incidebant se (cut
themselves) secundum ritum suum donee perfunderen-
tur (be covered) sanguine. (Continuabitur eras)

English to Latin

1. When Pharao saw that his own son was dead, he
called Moses and Aaron. 2. He told them that he would
let Israel go. 3. Each and every one prepared to leave
Egypt at night. 4. When they had eaten the lamb, they
put its blood on the doors. 5. The Egyptians were killed
by the angel of the Lord. 6. Because of the blood of the
lamb, the angel did not kill the Jews. 7. By sacrificing
the lamb the Jews were saved.

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LECTIO OCTOGESIMA PRIMA

De verbis regentibus casum ablativum
De variis terminationibus
De usu lexici

Pharao dederat populo Israel licentiam discedendi ex Aegypto. Illi lgitur
surrexerunt nocte, et, portantes ossa Iosephi, discesserunt. Dominus autem
praecedebat eos ad ostendendam viam per diem in columna nubis et per
noctem in columna ignis, ut dux esset itineris utroque tempore. Numquam
defuit columna nubis per diem, nec columna ignis per noctem coram
populo.

Et nuntiatum est regi Aegyptiorum quod fugisset populus; immutatum-
que est cor Pharaonis et servorum eius super populo, et dixerunt, “Quid
voluimus facere ut dimitteremus Israel ne serviret nobis?” Iunxit ergo
currum, et omnem populum suum assumpsit secum. Tulitque sescentos
currus electos et quidquid in Aegypto curruum fuit, et duces totius exer-
citus. Cumque appropinquasset Pharao, levantes filii Israel oculos, vide-
runt Aegyptios post se: ettimuerunt valde, clamaveruntque ad Dominum.
Et ait Moyses ad populum, “Nolite timere, state et videte res magnas
Domini quas facturus est hodie. Aegyptios enim, quos nunc videtis, nequa-
quam ultra videbitis in sempiternum. Dominus pugnabit pro vobis, et vos
tacebitis.” Profecti sunt lgitur filii Israel ad Mare Rubrum. Cumque
extendisset Moyses manum super mare, abstulit mare Dominus, flante
vento vehementi et urente, et vertit in siccum; divisaque est aqua. Et in-
gressi sunt filii Israel per medium sicci maris; erat enim aqua quasi murus
a dextra eorum et a laeva. Persequentesque Aegyptii ingressi sunt post
eos. Et ait Dominus ad Moysen, “Extende manum tuam super mare, ut
revertantur aquae ad Aegyptios super currus et equites eorum.” Cumque
extendisset Moyses manum contra mare, reversum est ad priorem locum.
Fugientibusque Aegyptiis occurrerunt aquae, et involvit eos Dominus in
mediis fluctibus. Ne unus quidem superfuit ex eis. Filii autem Israel per-
rexerunt per medium sicci maris et laudaverunt Dominum.

nubes-c/ouJ
defuit-he lacking
nu ntiar e-announce
immutar e-change
servire-be slave
cunus-chariot

(fourth declension)
assumer e-take
quidquid-w/iatever
electus -picked
nequaquam-hy no means
tacer t-be silent
siccus -dry
muTus-wall
dexter -right
laevus -left
occurrer e-meet
fluctus-wave
ne . .. quidem-no/ even
laudar e-praise

V OCABULARIUM

deesse, defuit,

tacere, tacuit, tacitus-he

*defuturus-/a/7, be

silent

lacking to

dexter, tera, terum -right

immutare, avit, atus-

murus, o -wall

change

siccus, a, um -dry

laudare, avit, atus -praise

ne ... quidem —not even

servire, servivit, servitus-
be slave to (with dat .)

(note the word order)

Nunc Cogitemus

Five Deponents Governing the Ablative: There

are five deponent verbs whose apparent object is in the
ablative:

uti, usus est— use; gladio utitur— he uses a sword.
frui, fructus est— enjoy; frumento fruitur— he enjoys
grain.

fungi, functus est— busy self with, perform; consul-
atu fungitur— he performed the duty of a consul.

potiri, potitus est— get possession of ; terra potitus
est— he got possession of the land.

vesci ( sometimes with objective) — eat; cibis vesci-
tur— he eats foods.

Actually, the five verbs are in the middle voice (some¬
thing neither active nor passive, which has no special
forms in Latin. The passive in a few examples has such
a meaning)—they mean the subject acts so as to affect

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himself: Thus: uti: to serve oneself by means of some¬
thing; fungi: to busy oneself with, etc.

Optional Endings in Third Declension: In addi¬
tion to the endings we have already learned, there are
some optional endings that are sometimes used, as fol¬
lows:

1. The ablative singular of most I-stems can also be
e (but the ablative singular of consonant stems can
never be /). This holds for nouns, not for adjectives.
Nor does it hold for neuter nouns. Present participles do
have the choice.

2. The objective plural of I-stems can be - is (with
long /') instead of -es. E.g., the noun navis could have
ablative nave ; objective plural navis.

Optional Endings of Verbs:

1. The second person singular passive ending is
usually -ris, as we have seen, in forms made on the first
part of the verb. But instead of -ris we may have -re:

pararis could be parare.

2. The third person plural of the perfect indicative
active is usually -erunt. It could also be -ere (with the
first e long):

paraverunt could be paravere.

Contractions in the Perfect and Pluperfect
Active of Verbs: These contractions are rather com¬
mon in the perfect tense of verbs that have their perfect
ending in: -avit, -evit, -ivit:

1. -avit and -evit perfects lose v and the following
vowel before s or r.

2. -ivit perfects lose v and the following vowel before
s —and also lose v before r.

There are a few other occasional contracted forms—
such as those from noscere—novisti becomes nosti ;
noverunt becomes norunt', noveram, etc., becomes
noram, etc., novisse becomes nosse.

Continuatur Narratio de Elia Propheta

Sed vox non audiebatur, et nemo prophetis Baal
respondebat. Dixit itaque Elias omni populo, “Venite ad
me.” Et accedente ad se populo, curavit altare Domini,
quod destructum erat. Et tulit duodecim lapides ( stones )
secundum numerum tribuum ( tribes) filiorum Iacob.
Et de lapidibus altare in nomine Domini aedificavit;
fecitque fossam {ditch) in circuitu ( around ) altaris. Et
composuit ligna, divisitque bovem et super ligna posuit.
Et ait, “Implete quattuor hydrias ( water jars ) aqua
(ablative ) et fundite super holocaustum et super ligna.”
Et fecerunt hoc ter ( three times), Elia iubente. Et
currebant aquae circum altare, et fossa repleta est. Cum-
que iam tempus esset ut offerretur holocaustum, ac-
cedens Elias propheta ait: “Domine Deus Abraham et
Isaac, ostende hodie quia (that) tu es Deus Israel, et
ego servus tuus, et iuxta {according to) praeceptum
tuum omnia verba haec feci. Exaudi {hear) me, Domine,
exaudi me, ut discat populus iste, quia {that) tu es
Dominus Deus, et tu convertisti cor eorum iterum.”

Cecidit autem ignis Domini, et voravit {consumed)
holocaustum, et ligna, et lapides, pulverem quoque, et
aquam quae, erat in fossa, lambens {licking it up).

Quod cum vidisset omnis populus, cecidit in faciem
suam, et ait: “Dominus ipse est Deus, Dominus ipse est
Deus.”

INDICATIVE

SUBJUNCTIVE

Perfect

amasti delesti audisti amarim delerim audierim
amastis delestis audistis etc. etc. etc.

amarunt delerunt audierunt

Past Perfect Past Perfect

amaram deleram audieram amassem delessem audissem
etc. etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.

Future Perfect
amaro delero audiero
etc. etc. etc.

INFINITIVE

Perfect

amasse

delesse

audisse

English to Latin

1. How did the Jews get possession of the Holy Land?

2. They enjoyed all the things that the Lord had given
them. 3. Not even one thing was lacking to them. 4. If
they had served the Lord well, they would have remained
there. 5. We ought to use well all that God has given us.
6. Although the holocaust was not dry, fire from heaven
came down upon it and consumed it. 7. The Lord is to
be praised greatly {magnopere).

The Use of the Latin Dictionary

Latin Dictionaries (and other texts also) do not use
the new forms of listing of words such as we have
learned. But it is easy to learn to follow them.

They give four parts for normal verbs instead of our
three. The last three are the same (substantially) as ours
(the difference is that we use the third person ending in

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the perfect active, while they use the first person). The
additional part they give is the first part. It is the present
indicative active, first singular. Compare it to our pre¬
liminary part on such verbs as cdpiunt. Here are a few
examples, listed in both ways:
ours: c&piunt, c&pere, cepit, captus
theirs: capio, capere, cepi, captus
ours: loqui, locutusest
theirs: loquor, loqui, locutus sum
ours: par&re, par&vit. par&tus
theirs: paro, parare, paravi, paratus
ours: con&ri, con&tus est
theirs: conor, conan, conatus sum
The first part they give is really unnecessary—we have
all the necessary information from three parts—why
memorize four? But if we want that other part, we can
easily make it from the principles we have learned:
merely make the present indicative active first singular.
That will be it.

On the last part of the verb, practice varies. Some
books will give perfect passive participles instead of fu¬
ture active participles on some verbs. There is no
uniformity between various dictionaries and texts. For
example on the verb ire, some will give the last part as
itus, others as iturus. But if you know one you can easily
make the other.

As to nouns, other books give the possessive singular
instead of the ablative singular as the second form. But
we can handle that easily—the disadvantage in giving
the possessive singular is that we then do not learn easily
how to distinguish the various subdivisions within third
declension (we must try to work them out by rules such
as those given in Lesson 80). For example:
ours: bona vdritas, veritdte-truth
theirs: veritas, veritatis-/-truth
ours: servus, o-slave
theirs: servus, i-m-slave

They give the gender by a letter instead of by an
adjective. On the bonus type they list: bonus, a, um: the
three forms of the nominative singular, just as we do.
On third declension adjectives they give the same listing
as we do except that they do not give the ablative singu¬
lar, and so do not tell us what type of declension to
follow.

So the differences are not extremely great. The older
method calls for more memory work, but gives less in¬
formation, since it fails to help us in third declension.

Other grammars write similarly to this book, but in
the names of the cases they use the term genitive instead
of possessive, and accusative instead of objective.

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Declensions of Nouns

2(M)

2(N)

3(M-F)

Nom.

puella

agnus

bellum

rex

navis

Poss.

pu611ae

agni

belli

regis

navis

Dat.

puellae

agno

bello

regi

navi

Obj.

puellam

agnum

bellum

regem

navem

Abl.

puella

agno

bello

rege

navi(e)

Nom.

pudllae

agni

bella

reges

naves

Poss.

pueMrum

agnorum

bellorum

regum

n&vium

Dat.

puellis

agnis

bellis

rdgibus

ndvibus

Obj.

puellas

agnos

bella

reges

naves (is)

Abl.

pudllis

agnis

bellis

rdgibus

n^vibus

3(N)

4(M)

4(N)

Nom.

nomen

mare

sen£tus

genu

dies

Poss.

nominis

mar is

sen£tus

genus

di6i

Dat.

nomini

mari

sendtui

genu

di6i

Obj.

nomen

mare

sendtum

genu

diem

Abl.

nomine

mari

sendtu

genu

die

Nom.

nomina

miria

senatus

g6nua

dies

Poss.

nominum

m&rium

sendtuum

g6nuum

di6rum

Dat.

nominibus

maribus

sendtibus

genibus

di6bus

Obj.

nomina

maria

senatus

genua

dies

Abl.

nominibus

maribus

sendtibus

g6nibus

di6bus

Declensions of Adjectives

POSITIVE DEGREE
Singular

M-F

Nom.

bonus

bona

bonum

ferox

fortis

forte

Poss.

boni

bonae

boni

ferocis

fortis

Dat.

bono

bonae

bono

feroci

forti

Obj.

bonum

bonam

bonum

ferocem

ferox

fortem

forte

Abl.

bono

bona

bono

feroci

forti

Plural

Nom.

boni

bonae

bona

feroces

ferdcia

fortes

fortia

Poss.

bonorum

ferocium

fortium

Dat.

bonis

ferocibus

fortibus

Obj.

bonos

bonas

bona

feroces

ferocia

fortes

fortia

Abl.

bonis

ferocibus

fortibus

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Singular

M-F

Nom.

acer

acris

acre

vetus

Poss.

acris

veteris

Dat.

acri

veteri

Obj.

acrem

acre

veterem

vetus

Abl.

acri

vetere

Plural

Nom.

acres

4cria

veteres

vetera

Poss.

Cerium

veterum

Dat.

acribus

Acribus

veteribus

Obj.

acres

&cria

veteres

vetera

Abl.

Acribus

veteribus

COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Singular

M-F

cl&rior

cl&rius

clarioris

clariori

clariorem

cl£rius

clariore

Plural

clariore

claiores

clariora

claiorum

clariorum

clarioribus

claiores

clariora

clarioribus

SUPERLATIVE DEGREE
All are declined liked bonus

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Conjugations of Verbs

INDICATIVE ACTIVE

present: He loves, he does love, he is loving

1 .

amo

hibeo

pono

cipio

ama

habe

poni

capi

ama

habe

poni

capi

1 .

ama

mus

habe

mus

poni

mus

capi

mus

ami

tis

habe

tis

poni

tis

c&pi

tis

amant

amabo

amabunt

habent ponunt cipiunt

imperfect: He loved, he did love, he was loving

1 .

am&ba

habeba

poneba

capieba

am&ba

habeba

poneba

capieba

amaba

habeba

poneba

capieba

1 .

amaba

mus

habebi

mus

ponebi

mus

capiebi

amaba

tis

habebi

tis

ponebi

tis

capieba

amiba

habeba

poneba

capieba

mus

tis

habebo

future: He will love, he will be loving
ponam

amabi

habebi

pone

cipie

amabi

habebi

pone

capie

1 .

amibi

mus

habebi

mus

pone

mus

capie

amibi

tis

habebi

tis

pone

tis

capie

habebunt

ponent

capiam
s
t

mus
: tis
cipient

1 .

2 .

1 .

2 .

PERFECT*

amivi

amavfsti

amavit

amivimus

amavistis

amaverunt

PLUPERFECT*

amiveram

amiveras

amiverat

amaverimus

amaveritis

amiverant

FUTURE PERFECT*

amivero

amiveris

amiverit

amaverimus

amaveritis

amiverint

* The perfect active tenses of all conjugations are the same.

173

audio
audi s
audi t

audi mus
audi tis
audiunt

audieba m
audieba s
audieba t

audieba mus
audiebi tis
audieba nt

audiam
audie s
audie t

audie mus
audie tis
audient

Circuluslatinus.org

INDICATIVE PASSIVE

1 .

2 .

1 .

2 .

1 .

2 .

1 .

2 .

amor

amd
amd

amd
ami
amdntur

tur

mur

mini

amdbor
amdbe
amdbi

amdbi
amabi
amabuntur

lur

mur

mini

hdbeor
hate
hate

hate
hate

present: He is loved, he is being loved

ponor cdpior

tur

mur

mini

pone
poni lur

poni mur
poni mini

cdpe
dpi lur

cdpi mur
capi|mini

hatentur ponuntur capiuntur

imperfect: He was loved, he was being loved

1 .

aiteba

hateba

poteba

capi£ba

amate

ris

habete

ris

ponete

ris

capiete

amab^

tur

habete

tur

ponete

tur

capiebci

1 .

amab^

mur

habete

mur

poneb^

mur

capiebci

amate

mini

habete

mini

poneb^

mini

capiebci

amate

ntur

habete

ntur

poneba

ntur

capiebci

future: He will be loved

hatebor

hatebe

hatebi

rur

hatebi mur
hatebi mini
habebuntur

ris

tur

mur

mini

ntur

ponar

cdpiar

pond

ris

capid

ris

pond

tur

capid

tur

pond

mur

capid

mur

pond

mini

capid

mini

pondntur

capid

ntur

perfect*

PLUPERFECT* FUTURE PERFECT*

1. amatus sum

2. amatus es

3. amatus est

1. amati sumus

2. amati estis

3. amati sunt

amatus eram
amatus eras
amatus erat

amati eramus
amati eratis
amati erant

amatus ero
amatus eris
amatus erit

amati erimus
amati eritis
amati erunt

* The perfect passive tenses of all conjugations are the same.

174

audior
audi ris
audi tur

audi mur
audi mini
audiuntur

audidba r
audiete ris
audiete tur

audiete mur
audiete mini
audiete ntur

audiar
audi6 ris
audi£ tur

audi£ mur
audi£ mini
audi£ ntur

Circuluslatinus.org

SUBJUNCTIVE ACTIVE

PRESENT

1 .

ame

hdbea

pona

c4pia

ame

h&bea

pona

c4pia

ame

h&bea

pona

c4pia

1 .

am6

mus

habe&

mus

pon4

mus

capi4

ame

tis

habe4

tis

. pon4

tis

capi4

ame

h4bea

pon4

c4pia

mus

tis

IMPERFECT

PERFECT

1 .

am4re

Other conjugations

The conjugations are the

am4veri

am4re

are the same:

same in the perfect and

am4veri

am4re

hab6ret, etc.

pluperfect.

am4veri

1 .

amar6

mus

poneret, etc.

amaverf

mus

amar6

tis

c4peret, etc.

amaverf

tis

am4re

audfret, etc.

am4veri

SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE

1 .

ame

h4bea

am6

ris

habe4

ris

am6

tur

habe4

tur

1 .

am6

mur

habe4

mur

am6

mini

habe4

mini

ame

ntur

habe4

ntur

PRESENT

pona

c4pia

pon4

ris

capi4

ris

pon4

tur

capi4

tur

pon4

mur

capi4

mur

pon4

mini

capi4

mini

pon4

ntur

capi4

ntur

IMPERFECT PERFECT

1 .

par4re

Other conjugations

All conjugations are the

am4tus sim

parar6

ris

are the same:

same in the perfect and

am4tus sis

parar6

tur

haber6tur, etc.

pluperfect.

am4tus sit

1 .

parare

mur

poner6tur, etc.

am4ti simus

parar6

mini

caper6tur, etc.

am4ti sitis

parar6

ntur

audir6tur, etc.

am4ti sint

175

audia m
audia s
audia t

audi4 mus
audi4 tis
audia nt

PLUPERFECT

amavfsse m
amavfsse s
amavfsse t

amavisse mus
amaviss6 tis
amavfsse nt

audia r
audi4 ris
audi4 tur

audi4 mur
audi& mini
audi4 ntur

PLUPERFECT

am4tus essem
am4tus esses
am4tus esset

am4ti ess6mus
am4ti essetis
am4ti essent

Circuluslatinus.org

Infinitives

Present

Active: to love

Present

Passive:

to be loved

amare

habere

ponere

capere

audire

amari

haberi

poni

capi

audiri

Perfect Active: to have loved

Perfect Passive: to have been loved

(all conjugations are same)

amavisse, habuisse, posuisse, etc.

amatus esse, habitus esse, positus esse, etc.

Future Active: to be about to love Future Passive: to be about to be loved

(all conjugations same)

amaturus esse, habiturus esse, etc. amatum iri, habitum iri, etc.

present active: loving

M-F

amans
am antis
amanti
am an tern
amante(i)

amantes
amantium
amantibus
amantes (is)
amantibus

N
amans
amdntis
amanti
amans
amante(i)

amantia

amantium

amantibus

amantia

amantibus

Participles

future active: about to, going to, intending to love
amaturus, a, um (decline like bonus)

perfect passive: having been loved
am&tus, a, um (decline like bonus )

perfect deponent: having spoken
locutus, a, um

Gerundive

amandus, a, um habendus, a, um ponendus, a, um capiendus, a, um audiendus, a, um

Active: love!

Imperatives

Passive: be loved!

ama habe pone cape audi

amate habete ponite capite audite

amare

amamini

habere

habemini

ponere

ponimini

capere

capfmini

audire

audimini

176

Circuluslatinus.org

Latin Numbers

There are several different kinds of numbers both in
English and in Latin. We are concerned with chiefly two
kinds: the ordinal and cardinal numbers. The ordinal
numbers are: first, second, third, etc. They tell in what
order a thing comes. The cardinal numbers are: one,
two, three, etc.

In Latin, all ordinal numbers are declined, like bonus,
a, um. Of the cardinal numbers, unus, duo, and tres are
declined—but after that no cardinals are declined until
we reach ducenti, ae, a (200). Of course, compound
numbers, having the words unus, duo, tres in them,
decline those parts. Unus is declined like the nine irregu¬
lar adjectives (possessive singular in -ius and dative
singular in -i). Duo has only a few forms:

Masculine and Neuter: duo, duorum, duobus, duos
(duo) duobus

Feminine: duae, duarum, duabus, duas, duabus
Tres has only a few forms:

Masculine and Feminine: tres, trium, tribus, tres

(tris), tribus

13. tredecim

14. quattuordecim

15. quindecim

16. sedecim

17. septendecim

18. duodeviginti

19. undeviginti

20. viginti

21. viginti unus
(unus et
viginti)

22. viginti duo

30. triginta
40. quadraginta
50. quinquaginta

60.

70.

80.

90.

100 .

sexaginta

septuaginta

octoginta

nonaginta

centum

Neuter: tria, trium, tribus, tria, tribus

200. ducenti, ae, a

300. trecenti, ae, a

CARDINALS

ORDINALS

400. quadringenti,

ae, a

1. unus

primus

500. quingenti, ae.

2. duo

secundus

3. tres

tertius

600. sescenti, ae, a

4. quattuor

quartus

700. septingenti,

5. quinque

quintus

ae, a

6. sex

sextus

800. octingenti, ae,

7. septem

septimus

8. octo

octavus

900. nongenti, ae.

9. novem

nonus

10. decern

decimus

1000. mille ( several

11. undecim

undecimus

1000’s:

12. duodecim

duodecim us

millia)

tertius decimus

quartus decimus

quintus decimus

sextus decimus

Septimus decimus

duodevicensimus

undevicensimus

vigesimus (vicensimus)

vigesimus primus (vicensimus

primus)

vigesimus secundus (vicensimus
secundus)

trigesimus (tricensimus)
quadragesimus (quadragensimus)
quinquagesimus (quinquagensi-
mus)

sexagesimus (sexagensimus)
septuagesimus (septuagensimus)
octogesimus (octogensimus)
nonagesimus (nonagensimus)
centesimus (centensimus)
ducentesimus (ducentensimus)
trecentesimus (trecentensimus)
quadringentesimus (quadringen-
tensimus)

quingentesimus (quingentensi-
mus)

sescentesimus (sescentensimus)
septingentesimus (septingenten-
simus)

octingentesimus (octingentensi-
mus)

nongentesimus (nongentensimus)
millesimus (millensimus)

177

Circuluslatinus.org

LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY

abAsse, 6fuit, afuturus—be absent
abire, iit, iturus—go away
Abraham—poss. & dat.: Abrahae, other
forms: Abraham

abscdndere, abscdndit, abscdnditus—hide

absque (with abl.)—without

accAdere, cAssit, cessurus—go to, approach

accidere, Accidit,-, happen

accipiunt, ere, cApit, cAptus—receive

accusAre, Avit, Atus—accuse

acer, acris, acre, i—sharp, eager, keen

ad (with obj.)—to, near

adducere, duxit, ductus—lead to, influence

adAsse, Adfuit, adfuturus—be present

adhuc—yet, still

administrate, Avit, Atus—govern, manage
adorAre, Avit, Atus—respect, reverence,
adore

aedificAre, -Avit, -Atus—build
aeger, aegra, aegrum—sick
aetas, aetAte, magna—age
afficiunt, afficere, affAcit, affActus—affect,
move

ager, agro—field, farm
Agere, egit, actus—do, drive, discuss, spend
(time)

aggrediuntur, Aggredi, aggrAssus est—attack
agnus, o—lamb
Alibi—elsewhere

aliAnus, a, um—foreign, unfavorable

Aliqui, quae, quod—some, any

Aliquis, Aliquid—someone, anyone

Alius, a, um—other, another

altAre, i, magnum—altar

alter, era, erum—one, the one ... the other

altus, a, um—high, deep

amAre, Avit, Atus—love

amittere, misit, missus—lose

amor, 6re, magnus—love

an—or (in questions only)

Anima, a—soul, life, breath
animadvArtere, vArtit, vArsus—notice, punish
annus, o—year
ante (with obj.)—before
Antea (adv.)—before
Antequam (conjunction)—before
aperire, apAruit, apArtus—open
apparAre, appAruit, appAritus—appear
appropinquAre, Avit, Atus—approach (with
dat.)

apud (with obj.)—with, at the house of
aqua, a—water
arcus, u—bow
arAna, a—sand

ars, arte, bona (poss. pi. -ium) —art, skill
at—but
atque—and

auctdritas, tAte, magna—authority, influ¬
ence

audax, Aci—bold

audAre, ausus est—dare (notice that the
first part is normal, but the rest is
deponent)

audire, ivit, itus—hear
aufArre, Abstulit, ablAtus—take away some¬
thing (obj.) from someone (dat.)
augAre, auxit, auctus—increase
aurum, o—gold

aut—or; aut... aut—either ... or
autem—however, moreover (never first
word in its clause)

auxilium, o—help

avunculus, o—uncle (on mother's side: on
father’s side is pdtruus)

bellum, o—war

benedicere, dixit, dictus—bless (sometimes
with dat.)

bonus, a, um—good

bos, bove—cow, bull, ox (masc. or fern.)
brevis, e, i—short

caecus, a, um—blind
cAdere, cAcidit, casus—fall
CaAsar, are—Caesar
cAlidus, a, um—hot
calix, cAlice, magnus—cup
campus, o—field, plain
capillus o—hair

cApiunt, ere, cepit, captus—take, capture

caput, cApite, magnum—head

career, cArcere, magnus—prison

caro, came, bona—flesh, meat

causa—for sake of (with poss.)

causa, a—cause, case, reason

cavAre, cavit, cautus—beware, guard against

celAriter—quickly, swiftly

certus, a, um—certain

cibus, o—food

cinis, cinere, multus—ashes

circum (with obj.)—around

circumcidere, cidit, cisus—circumcise

circumire, iit, iturus—go around

circumstAre, stetit,-, surround

civis, i, bonus—citizen

civitas, civitAte, magna—city, citizenship

clam—secretly

dams, a, um—famous, brilliant
dassis, i, magna—fleet
daudere, dausit, clausus—close
coelum, o (but pi. is masc.: coeli )—heaven,
sky

-, coepit, coeptus (the last part has

active meaning)—begin
coetus, u—assembly, crowd
edgere, coAgit, coActus—compel
cogitAre, Avit, Atus—think
cogndscere, ndvit, nitus—learn (and there¬
fore the perfect means:—know)
cdlere, cdluit, cultus—worship, till, cultivate
colligere, collAgit, collActus—collect
comAdere, comAdit, comAsus—eat
committere, commisit, commissus—com¬
mit, intrust

comprehAndere, prehAndit, prehAnsus—
grasp, arrest

conAri, conAtus est—attempt
concAdere, cAssit, cAssus—yield, grant
confAstim—at once

confidere, confisus est—trust in (half de¬
ponent )

coniurAtio, i6ne, mala—conspiracy
ednsequi, consecutus est—follow up, over¬
take, accomplish
consilium, o—plan

conspiciunt, conspicere, spAxit, spActus—
see, catch sight of

constituere, stituit, stitutus—set up, decide,
determine

consuetudo, tudine, bona—custom

consulAtus, u-consulship

consulere, consuluit, consultus—consult

178

contAmnere, tAmpsit, tAmptus—despise,
scorn

continAre, continuit, contAntus—hold to¬
gether, restrain
contra (with obj.)—against
cdpia, a—abundance

coram (with abl.)—in the presence of,
before

corpus, edrpore, magnum—body
creAre, Avit, Atus—make, create
crAdere, crAdidit, crAditus—believe (with
dat. of the person believed)
crAscere, crevit, cretus—grow
crimen, crimine, malum—charge, crime
crux, cruce, bona—cross
cum—when, after, although, because
cum (with abl.)—with
cunctus, a, um—all

cupiunt, cupere, cupivit, cupitus—desire
cur—why

curAre, Avit, Atus—take care of (with obj.,
not possessive case)
currere, cucurrit, cursurus—run

dare, dedit, datus—give
de (with abl.)—about, concerning, down
from

debere, dAbuit, dAbitus—owe, ought

decollAre, Avit, Atus—behead

deAsse, dAfuit, defuturus—fail, be lacking to

deinde—then, next

delActus, u—draft, levy

delAre, delAvit, delAtus—destroy

deliberAre, Avit, Atus—deliberate

depdnere, pdsuit, pdsitus—put down

desiderAre, Avit, Atus—desire, miss

desinere, desivit, desitus—cease, stop

Deus, o—God (dea, a—goddess)

dexter, tera, terum—right

diAbolus, o—-devil

dicere, dixit, dictus—say, tell

dies, die (5)—day

difficilis, e, i—difficult

digitus, o—finger

diluvium, o—flood, deluge

dimittere, misit, missus—dismiss

discere, didicit,-, learn

discAdere, cAssit, cessurus—depart
diu—a long time

dives, divite—rich (poss. pi.— um)

dividere, divisit, divisus—-divide

docAre, docuit, doctus—teach

dolor, 6re, magnus—sorrow, pain, grief

domi—at home

ddminus, o—lord, master

donee—while, until

dormire, ivit, itus—sleep

dubium, o—doubt

ducere, duxit, ductus—lead (ducere in
matrimdnium—marry)
dum—while
durus, a, um—hard
dux, duce, magnus—leader

e, ex (with abl.)—from, out from
ecce—behold

egrediuntur, gredi, grAssus est—go out
egrAgius, a, um—excellent
Amere, emit, emptus—buy
enim (never 1st word)—for

Circuluslatinus.org

epistola, a—letter
equus, o—horse

eques, dquite, bonus—horseman
ergo—therefore
esse, fuit, futurus—be
dtiam—even, also
etsi—even if, although
evddere, evdsit, evdsus—escape
exercdre, exdrcuit, exdrcitus—practice,

train

exdrcitus, u—army
exclamdre, dvit, dtus—shout
expdllere, pulit, pulsus—expell
explicdre, dvit, dtus—explain
explordtor, 6re, bonus—spy, scout
exsilium, o—exile
exspectdre, dvit, dtus—expect

fdbula, a—legend, story
fac—imperative singular of fdcere (pi. is
regular: fdcite ) There are 4 irregular
imperative singulars: Die, Due, Fac, Fer
fdcies, e (5)—face, appearance
fdcilis, e, i—easy

fdciunt, 3, fecit, factus—do make

fdllere, fefdllit, falsus—deceive

fames, fame, magna—hunger, famine

fdmina, a—woman

fere—almost, in general, about

ferox, feroci—fierce

ferre, tulit, latus—bear, bring, carry

ferns, o and fera, a—wild beast

filia, a—daughter

filius, o—son

finire, ivit, itus—finish, complete
finis, e (poss. pi. -ium), bonus—end
fiunt, fieri, factus est—become, happen
(the infinitive is irregular— factus est is
really the last part of fdcere — to be
made means the same as: to become)
fiare, avit, atus—blow
fldre, flevit, fletus—weep
fluere, fluxit, fluxurus—flow
flumen, flumine, magnum—river
foedus, foddere, bonum—pact, covenant
fons, fonte (poss. pi. -ium), magnus—
fountain, spring
forsan—perhaps
fortis, e, i—brave, strong
f6rtiter—bravely
forum, o—market, forum
frdngere, fregit, fractus—break
frater, fratre, bonus—brother
frigidus, a, um—cold
frumdntum, o—grain
frustra—in vain

fugiunt, fugere, fugit, fugiturus—flee
fulgur, fulgure, clarum—lightning
fundere, fudit, fusus—pour, shed

gens, gente, magna—tribe, people (poss. pi.
-ium )

genu, u—knee

genus, gdnere, bonum—kind, race

gerere, gessit, gestus—wage, wear

glddius, o—sword

grdtia, a—favor, grace, gratitude

gratus, a, um—pleasing

gravis, e, i—heavy

guttur, ure, magnum—throat

habdre, hdbuit, hdbitus—have
habitdre, dvit, dtus—dwell, inhabit
hie, haec, hoc—this

hie (adverb)—here
h6die—today

homo, h6mine, bonus—man (vir is man in
the strictly masculine sense, almost mean¬
ing hero\ homo is more general, and
means merely: human being —may in¬
clude women and children)
hdrreum, o—bam
hostis, i, magnus—enemy
hue—to this place

idciunt, 3, iecit, iactus—throw
iam—already
ibi—there

idem, dadem, idem—same
igitur—therefore
ignis, i, calidus—fire

igndscere, igndvit, igndtus—forgive (with
dat. and obj.: Cadsari multa igndvit—
He forgave Caesar many things)
ille, ilia, illud—that
imdgo, imdgine, bona—image
imber, imbre, bonus—rain
immutdre, dvit, dtus—change
impedire, ivit, itus—hinder, impede
imperdre, dvit, dtus—command
imperdtor, 6re, bonus—general
impdrium, o—command, power
impldre, impldvit, impldtus—fill, fulfill
in (with abl.)—in, on (with obj.)—into
incdlumis, e, i—unharmed
indurdre, dvit, dtus—harden
infundere, fudit, fusus—pour in
ingdnium, o—talent, natural ability
inimicus, o—enemy (personal enemy)
initium, o—beginning
iniustus, a, um—unjust
indpia, a—need
insidiae, is—ambush, snare
insuper—in addition
integer, gra, grum—fresh, untouched
intelldgere, telldxit, telldctus—understand
inter (with obj.)—between, among
intercludere, interclusit, interclusus—cut off
intdrea—meanwhile
interficiunt, 3, fdcit, fdetus—kill
interrogdre, dvit, dtus—question, ask
introire, iit, iturus—enter
invenire, vdnit, vdntus—find
invidia, a—envy, unpopularity
ipse, ipsa, ipsum—himself, herself, itself
ira, a—anger

irdsci, irdtus est—be angry
ire, iit, iturus—go
is, ea, id—this, that, he, she, it
iste, ista, istud—this, that (often with feel¬
ing: “that of yours,” or with feeling of
contempt)
ita—so

itaque—and so

iter, itinere, magnum—journey
iterum—again
iubdre, iussit, iussus—order
iudicium, o—judgment, court, trial
iungere, iunxit, iunctus—join, yoke
ius, jure, verum—right, law
iuvdre, iuvit, iutus—help, please
iuvdntus, tute, bona—youth (time of life)

labor, 6re, multus—work, suffering
lacdssere, cessivit, cessitus—harass
laetus, a, um—glad
lauddre, dvit, dtus—praise
ldgere, legit, lectus—read

179

levdre, dvit, dtus—raise, relieve
lex, lege, bona—law
liber, libro—book
liberdre, dvit, dtus—free
Hberi, is (pi. only)—children
liedntia, a—permission
licet, liedre, licuit, licitum est—it is per¬
mitted

ligdre, dvit, dtus—bind
lignum, o—wood
lingua, a—tongue, language
locus, o (plural shifts to neuter: loca)—
place

loqui, locutus est—speak

luna, a—moon

lux, luce, magna—light

mdcula, a—spot
magfster, tro—teacher
magnus, a, um—great, large
maior, maius, mai6r*—greater
maidres—ancestors (merely pi. of maior
in special sense)
malle, mdluit—prefer
malum, o—apple
maius, a, um—bad, evil
manddre, 1—order, send word, intrust
mandre, mansit, mansurus—remain
manus, u, longa—hand
mare, i, magnum—sea
mater, matre, bona—mother
mdximus, a, um—very great, greatest
mdlior, mdlius, melidre—better
mens, mente, mea—mind (poss. pi.—mdn-
tium)

mensis, i, unus—month

merdre, mdruit, mdritus—earn, deserve

meridiondlis, e, i—south

mdrito—deservingly

metus, u—fear

meus, a, um—my, mine

miles, mflite, bonus—soldier

minimus, a, um—least, smallest

mirdri, mirdtus est—wonder, admire

miseriedrdia, a—mercy, pity

Mithraddtes, e, maius—Mithradates

mittere, misit, missus—send

modus, o—manner, way, measure, limit

mola, a—mill, meal

mondre, mdnuit, mdnitus—warn, advise
monitio, 6ne, bona—advice, warning
mons, monte, magnus—mountain
monstrdre, dvit, dtus—show
more, a—delay

mordri, mordtus est—delay, stay
moriuntur, mori, mdrtuus est—die
mors, morte, bona—death
mos, more, bonus—custom, habit (in plural:

morals, character)
movdre, movit, motus—move
mox—soon

mulier, re, bona—woman
multus, a, um—much, many
mundus, o—world

munus, mdnere, bonum—duty, gift, bribe,
function
murus, o—wall
mutdre, dvit, dtus—change
mystdrium, o—mystery, rite

narrdre, dvit, dtus—tell
nasci, natus est—be bom
nauta, a—sailor
navigdre, dvit, dtus—sail

Circuluslatinus.org

navis, i, longa—ship
ne—lest

ne . . . quidem—not even (Lat. word comes
in between, but is translated after the
quidem )

nec(neque)—and not; nec . .. nec—neither
... nor

necesse (indecl.)—necessary

negare, avit, atus—deny, say no, refuse

negdtium, o—business, trouble

nemo, nemine (has no poss.)—no one

nescire, nescivit, nescitus—not know

neuter, tra, trum—neither

nihil—nothing; nihil certi—nothing certain

nihildminus—nevertheless

nimis (adverb)—very, exceedingly, too

nirnius, a, um—excessive, very great

nisi—unless, except,if . . . not

nocere, nocuit, nociturus—harm (with dat.)

nolle, ndluit,-, be unwilling

nomen, ndmine, bonum—name
non—not, no
nondum—not yet
non iam—no longer

non solum . . . verum etiam—not only . . .
but also

ndscere, novit, notus—learn (but the per¬
fect means: has learned, knows )
novus, a, um—new
nox, nocte, longa—night
nullus, a, um—no one
num—whether

numerare, avit, atus—count, number
nunc—now

nuntius, o—messenger, message

ob (with obj.)—on account of
obedire, obedivit, obeditus—obey (with
dat.)

oblivisci, oblitus est—forget (with poss. or
obj.)

6bviam (adverb)—to meet (with dat.)
occidentals, e, i—western
occidere, occidit, occisus—kill
dculus, o—eye
odit, osurus—hate
6dium, o—hatred
offerre, dbtulit, oblatus—offer
omntno—altogether, at all, in all
omnis, omne, i—all, every
onus, 6nere, durum—burden
opdrtet, oportere, opdrtuit—it is necessary,
it is proper
dppidum, o—town
dptimus, a, um—best, very good
opus, 6pere, magnum—work
orare, avit, atus—beg, pray
oratio, 6ne, magna—speech
oratidnem habere—give a speech
ordo, ordine, bonus—row, order, rank
orientals, e, i—eastern
oriuntur, oriri, ortus est—rise, arise
os, ore, magnum—mouth
os, osse, durunf—bone (compare: os, ore-
mouth)

ostendere, ostendit, ostensus—show

panis, e, bonus—bread
parare, avit, atus—prepare
parcere, pepercit, parcitus (or: parsus)—
spare (with dat.)

pars, parte (poss. pi., - ium ), bona—part

parvus, a, um—small

pasci, pastus est—feed on (with abl.)

pastor, ore, bonus—shepherd, herdsman
pater, tre, bonus—father
patiuntur, pati, passus est—suffer
pauci, ae, a (plural only)—few
pax, pace, bona—peace
peccare, avit, atus—sin
peccatum, o—sin
pecunia, a—money
peior, peius, peidre—worse
pellere, pepulit, pulsus—drive, rout
per (with obj.)—through
percutiunt, percutere, percussit, percussus—
strike

pergere, perrexit, perrectus—proceed, go on
periculum, o—danger

permittere, misit, missus—permit (per-
misit hoc Marco)

perseverare, avit, atus—continue, persevere
persuadere, suasit, suasus—persuade (with
dat.)

pertinere, pertinuit, -, pertain, belong

pes, pede, magnus—foot
pessimus, a, um—very bad, worst
petere, petivit, petitus—ask, seek
pinguis e, i—fat

placet, placere, placuit, placitum est (with
dat.)—it pleases, it is decided
planus, a, um—flat
plenus, a, um—full
plurimus, a, um—very many, most
plus, plure (has only neuter form in sing.;
plural is: plures, plura—two termination
type, with -ium poss. plural)—more
polliceri, pollicitus est—promise
pdnere, pdsuit, pdsitus—put, place
pons, ponte, longus—bridge
pdntifex, flee, magnus—priest
porta, a—gate, door
portare, avit, atus—carry

posse pdtuit,-, be able

possidere, possedit, possessus—possess
post (with obj.)—after
pdstea—afterwards
postquam—after
potestas, tate, magna—power
praebere, praebuit, praebitus—furnish, offer
praecedere, cessit, cessurus—go before
praecipiunt, praecipere, praecepit, prae-
ceptus—command
praeco, edne, bonus—herald
praeficiunt, praeficere, fecit, fectus—put
someone in charge of something (prae-
fecit losephum frumento)
praemium, o—reward
praesertim—especially
praeter (with obj.)—beyond, besides, ex¬
cept

praevidere, vidit, visus—foresee
primus, a, um—first
pn'nceps, cipe, magnus—chief, leader
principium, o—beginning
privare, avit, atus—deprive (with abl.)
pro (with abl.)—for
probare, avit, atus—prove, test
prodesse, prdfuit, profuturus—be profitable
to (with dat.)
proelium, o—battle
profanare, avit, atus—defile
proferre, prdtulit, prolatus—bring forth
proficisci, profectus est—set out
prohibere, prohibuit, prohibitus—prohibit,
prevent

proiciunt, proicere, iecit, iectus—throw
forth

180

promittere, misit, missus—promise
prope—near

propdnere, pdsuit, pdsitus—propose
propter (with obj.)—on account of
proscribere, scripsit, scriptus—proscribe,
list

prdximus, a, um—next, nearest
puella, a—girl
puer, puero—boy
pugna, a—battle
pulcher, chra, chrum—beautiful
pulvis, pulvere, multus—dust
punire, punivit, punitus—punish
putare, avit, atus—think

quaerere, quaesivit, quaesitus—seek

qualis, e, i—such, what kind

quam—than

quamquam—although

quando—when

quare—why

-que—and

queri, questus est—complain
qui, quae, quod—who, which, that
quia—because

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque (de¬
cline only the qui-) whoever, whichever,
whatever
quid—what?

quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam)—
certain

quis, quid—who, what?
quis, quid—someone, anyone (indef.)
quisquam, quicquam (or: quidquam—de¬
cline the quis part, not the quam) —any¬
one, anything

quisque, quaeque, quidque (or: quodque)
—each, each one

(unus quisque—each and every one)
quod—because, that (ind. disc.), the fact
that, as to the fact that
quoque—also, even (never first word)
quotidie—daily

rapiunt, rapere, rapuit, raptus—seize,
snatch

recipere se—retreat

recipiunt, recipere, cepit, ceptus—take back
recordari, recordatus est—remember (with
poss.)

reddere, reddidit, redditus—give back, re¬
turn

redire, rediit, rediturus—return, go back
regere, rexit, rectus—rule
regina, a—queen
regnare, avit, atus—reign
relinquere, reliquit, relictus—leave
reliquus, a, um—rest of (usftd like midi us:
middle of)

remanere, mansit, mansurus—remain
reperire, reperuit, repertus—find, find out
requiescere, requievit, requietus—rest
res, re(5)—thing

respondere, respondit, responsus—answer
respdnsum, o—answer
restituere, restituit, restitutus—restore
retinere, retinuit, retentus—keep back, re¬
tain

reverti, reversus est—return
revocare, avit, atus—recall
rex, rege, magnus—king
rogare, avit, atus—ask
rotundus, a, um—round
ruber, rubra, rubrum—red

Circuluslatinus.org

ruere, ruit, rutus—fall, rush
rumpere, rupit, ruptus—break

sacerdos, d6te, bonus—priest
saeculum, o—century, age
saepe—often

salus, salute—safety, salvation, health
sanguis, sanguine, bonus—blood
sapientia, a—wisdom
satis—sufficiently, very, enough
scire, ivit, itus—know
scribere, scripsit, scriptus—write
scriptor, 6re, bonus—writer
secundum (with obj.)—according to
secundus, a, um—second, successful
sed—but
semel—once
semper—always
senator, 6re, magnus—senator
senatus, u—senate
senex, sene, bonus—old man
sentire, sensit, sensus—feel, realize, per¬
ceive

septentrionalis, e, i—northern

sequi, secutus est—follow

sermo, 6ne, bonus—word, conversation

servare, avit, atus—save

servire, 4 (with dat.)—serve, be slave to

servus, o—slave

si—if

siccus, a, um—dry
sicut—as, just as, as if
signum, o—sign, signal, standard
similis, e, i—like, similar (with poss. or
dat.)

simul—at the same time
simulare, avit, atus—feign, pretend
sin—but if

sine (with abl.)—without

singuli, ae, a (pi. only)—one at a time, each

sdcius, o—ally, companion

sol, sole, bonus—sun

solus, a, um—alone, only

sdlvere, solvit, solutus—loose, pay, free

soror, 6re, bona—sister

spectare, avit, atus—look at
sperare, avit, atus—hope
stare, stetit, staturus—stand
statim—at once

statuere, statuit, statutus—set, decide,
establish

sub—under (cases are like in —obj. for mo¬
tion; abl. for rest)

subiciunt, subicere, iecit, iectus—subject
sui, sibi, se, se—himself, etc.
sumere, sumpsit, sumptus—take, assume
(sumere supplicium de eo—exact punish¬
ment from him)
super (with obj.)—above, over
superbus, a, um—proud
supplicium, o—punishment
suscipiunt, suscipere, cepit, ceptus—under¬
take, take

suspendere, pendit, pensus—hang
sustinere, sustinuit, sustentus—withstand,
hold up, bear

suus, a, um—one’s own, his, hers, its, theirs

tacere, tacuit, tacitus—be silent
talis, e, i—such
tarn—so

tamen—nevertheless
tangere, tetigit, tactus—touch
tantum—only

tantus, a, um—so great, so large
tempus, tempore, longum—time
tendere, tetendit, tentus (tensus)—stretch,
spread

tenebrae, is—darkness
tenere, tenuit, tentus—hold, keep
terra, a—land

terrere, terruit, territus—terrify
timere, timuit—fear

tdllere, sustulit, sublatus—remove, take,
lift, raise

totus, a, um—whole
tradere, tradidit, traditus—hand over
trahere, traxit, tractus—draw, drag
trans (with obj.)—across
tribuere, buit, butus—assign, give

turn—then

turris, i, magna—tower

ubertas, tate, magna—fertility, richness

ubi—where

ullus, a, um—any

ultimo—at last

ultimus, a, um—last

ultra (adv. and prep, with obj.)—more,
further, beyond
unde—whence, from where
urbs, be, magna—city
urere, ussit, ustus—burn
usque ad—as far as, even to, up to
ut—that (with subj.)

vadere (no other parts)—go
valde—very

vates, i, bonus—soothsayer, prophet
vehemens, menti—forceful
vel—or, even
velle, vdluit—wish
vendere, vendidit, venditus—sell
venire, venit, venturus—come
ventus, o—wind
verbum, o—word
veritas, tate, bona—truth
vertere, vertit, versus—turn, change, trans¬
late

verus, a, um—true; re vera—in truth, really
vesci (no other parts)—eat (often with
abl.)

vetus, vetere—old
via, a—way, road, means
victdria, a—victory
videre, vidit, visus—see
vincere, vicit, victus—conquer
vinculum, o—bond, chain
vir, viro—man

virgo, virgine, bona—virgin, maiden
vita, a—life

vivere, vixit, victurus—live

vix—hardly, scarcely

vocare, avit, atus—call

voluntas, tate, bona—will

vox, voce, magna—voice

vulnus, vulnere, magnum—wound

ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY

For the most part, the parts of words are not given here, since they are provided in the Latin-English section. But they are given for
some odd words, and for words which occur early in the year, before the use of the system of parts is fully explained. You will find it very
helpful to reread the stories, for that will show you many expressions, some of considerable size, that you can use in translating the sen¬
tences.

able (be)—posse, pdtuit
adore—adorare
against—contra
age—aetas

alive—vivus: be alive—vivere
alone—solus
allow—permittere
although—quamquam, cum
among—inter
ancestors—maiores
angel—angelus
anger—ira

angry (be)—irasci, ira moveri
animal—animal
appear—apparere
arise—surgere

ark—area

arms—arma

arrest—comprehendere

art—ars

ask—rogare, petere
attack—aggrediuntur
attempt—conari
Athens—Athenae, is
authority—auetdritas

bad—malus
barn—hdrreum
battle—pugna, proelium
be—esse

because of—propter or ob
use abl. case alone

181

Circuluslatinus.'

before—antequam
believe—credere
better—melior
be willing—velle
bird—avis
birth—nativitas
blind—caecus
blood—sanguis
bold—audax
border—finis
born (be)—nasci
brave—fortis
bravely—fdrtiter
break—frangere
obj.) or bring—ferre

bring forth—proferre

brother—frater
build—aedific&re
burden—onus
bush—rubus
buy—emere

Caesar—Caesar, are
call—vocire
camel—camilus
capture—cipiunt
Carthage—Carth&go, gine
catch—cipiunt
Cato—Cato, 6ne
certain—quidam, certus
chain—vinculum
change—mu tire
charge—crimen
circumcise—circumcidere
citizen—civis
city—urbs
collect—colligere
come—venire
commander—dux
commands—iussa
commit—committere
communist—communista, a
conquer—vincere, vicit
conspiracy—coniuritio
consul—consul, ule
consult—consulere
consume—consumere
continue—perseverire
council—concilium
count—numerire
country—pitria, terra
courage—fortitudo
create—creire
crown—cordna
cry out—exclamire
cut off—intercludere

dagger—sica
danger—periculum
dare—audere
day—dies
death—mors

decide—statuere; placire ei

defeat—vincere

delay—moriri

depart—discedere

deserve—merire

deservingly—mirito

destroy—delire

devil—diibolus

die—moriuntur

divide—divfdere

do—ficere

door—porta

doubt—dubium

draft—delictus

drag—trihere

dry—siccus

dust—pulvis

dwell—habitire

each and every one—unus quisque

earth—terra, mundus

eastern—orientilis, e, i

eat—comidere

Egyptians—Aegyptii

either . . . or—aut . . . aut

enemy—hostis, inimicus

enjoy—frui

enter—inire, ingrediuntur

envy—invidia

escape—evidere ab or ex

eternal—aetirnus

every—omnis

evil—malum

except—praeter (with abl.), nisi

exile—exsilium

expel—expillere

explain—explicire

extend—extindere

face—facies

famine—fames

father—pater

favor—gfatia

fear—timire

feed—(Here

feed on—pasci

few—pauci

field—ager

fierce—ferox

fight—pugna, proilium

fight—pugnire

fill—complire, implire

find—invenire

finish—finire

fire—ignis

flee—fugiunt

flood—diluvium

fly—musca

follow—sequi

food—cibus

foot—pes

force—c6gere

forget—oblivisci

forgive—igndscere

for sake of—propter or ob (obj.)

free—liberire

friend—amicus

fulfill—complire, implire

gate—porta

Gaul—Gillia (country); Gallus (man)

general—dux, impefator

get out—discidere

get possession of—potiri

girl—puilla

give—-dare

give back—riddere

give (speech)—oratidnem habire

glad—laetus

gnats—cinifes (malae)

go—ire

God—Deus

gold—aurum

good—bonus

go out—exire

govern—gubemire

grain—frumintum

great—magous

grief—dolor

grow—criscere

hand—manus
Hannibal—Hinnibal, ile
happen—accidere
happy—felix, laetus
hard—difficilis
harden—indur&re
harm—nocire
hate—odisse
hatred—ddium
have—habire, h&buit
hear—audire

182

heart—cor

heavy—gravis

Hebrew—Hebraius

help—auxilium dare, adiuv&re, iuv&re

help—auxilium

hide—abscdndere

holocaust—holocatistum

holy—sanctus

hope*—spes

horn—cornu

horseman—eques, ite

house—domus

immortal—immorfalis
immortality—immorfalitas
in—in (abl. or obj.)
increase—augire
in order that—ut
in reality—re vera
interpreter—intirpres, ete
into—in (with obj.)
irrigate—irrigire
Italy—Ifalia

keep—retinire
kill—interficere
king—rex
knee—genu

know—scire, scivit; not know—nescire
knowledge—sciintia

lack (be lacking)—deisse

lamb—agnus

land—ager, terra

last—ultimus

law—lex

lead—ducere

leam—discere

leave (depart from)—discidere ab, relin-
quere

legate—legitus
legend—fibula
lest—ne
letter—epistula
life—vita
light—lux
lightning—fulgur
like—amire

loud (voice)—vox magna
love—amor, 6re
love—amire

make—faciunt

make war—bellum movire

man—vir, homo

many—multi

marry—in matrimdnium ducere

Mary—Maria

messenger—nuntius

mile—mille p&ssuum

miracle—mifaculum

Mithradates—Mithradites, e

money—pecunia

moon—luna

mountain—mons

much—multus

mystery—mystirium

name—nomen

nation—nitio, gens

natural ability—inginium

necessary—necisse

neither .. . nor—nec . .. nec (neque)

never—numquam

Circuluslatinus.org

nevertheless—nihildminus
new—novus
night—nox
number—numerus

obey—obedire
offer—offirre
often—saepe

Old Testament—Vetus Testamentum

on account of: see: “because of’

once upon a time—olim

open—aperire

orator—orator, 6re

order—iubire, imperire

Osiris—Osiris, ide

ought—deb£re

overtake—cdnsequi

owe—deb£re

pain—dolor

part—pars

patrician—patricius

peace—pax

perish—perire

permission—liclntia

Pharao—Ph&rao, 6ne

pig—porcus

pirate—pir&ta, a

place—locus

plague—plaga

plan—consilium

plant—herba

please—placire, iuv&re

power—potistas

praise—laud&re

precious—preti6sus

prefer—malle

prepare—par&re

pretend—simul&re

prison—career

profane—profanire

promise—promittere

prophecy—prophetia

province—provincia

Punic—Carthagini£nsis, e, i; Punicus,

punish—punire

put—pdnere

put down—dep6nere

question—interrog&re
quickly—cel6riter

race (human)—genus humdnum
rain—imber

raise—ext£ndere, tdllere
really—re vera
recall—revoc&re
receive—accipiunt
religion—religio, 6ne

remain—remanire

rest—requilscere

rest of—reliquus

restore—reddere, restituere

retreat—se recipere

return—redire, rev£rti, iterum venire

reward—pra£mium

rich—dives

right—ius

ring—dnulus

river—flumen

rod—virga

Roman—Romin us

Rome—Roma

rule—r£gere, regndre

run—currere

sack—saccus

sacrifice—sacrificium

sad (be)—doldre afficiuntur

sail—navigire

sailor—nauta

salvation—salus

same—idem

save—servdre, salvire

say—dicere; say no—neg&re

scarcely—vix

school—schola

scorn—contimnere

sea—mare

see—vid£re

seek—qua£rere

seem: use passive of vidlre

seize—cipiunt, ere

-self—ipse, sui

sell—vindere

senate—sen&tus

send—mittere

servant—servus

set out—proficisci

set over—praeficiunt

sharp—acer

shed (blood)—effundere sdnguinem
shepherd—pastor
i, um show—monstrfire

sick—aeger
similar—similis
sin—pecc&tum
sin—peccire
sky—coelum
slave—servus
sleep—somnus
snake—serpens
snatch—r&piunt
soldier—miles, milite
son—filius
soon—mox
soothsayer—vates
southern—meridion&lis, e, i

spare—p&rcere
speak—loqui
speech—oritio
star—Stella
statue—stdtua
stop—cessAre
strange—novus
suffer—patiuntur
suffering—labor
sun—sol

surround—circumstAre
sword—gl&dius

take—accipiunt
teacher—magister
terrify—terr£re
test—probire
that—ille

that—quod (ind. statement)
there—ibi
thing—res
this—hie

throw—i&ciunt, ere
thunder—tonitruum
time—temp us
touch—t&ngere
tower—turris
town—6ppidum
tree—lignum
trial—iudicium
tribune—tribunus
trust—confidere (in)
truth—viritas, tite
try—coniri

uncle—avunculus
unharmed—incdlumis

vegetation—herbae

want—velle, vdluit

war—bellum

warn—monere

water—aqua

weep—fl£re

well—bene

were—fu£runt, erant

where—ubi

whether—num

which—qui, quae, quod

whole—totus

will—voluntas

will—velle

willing (be)—velle

word—verbum

work—labor; opus, 6pere

world—mundus

worship—cdlere

write—scribere

year—annus

183

Circuluslatinus.org

Index

Ablative

absolute, 35-36, 72
of agent, 164-165
of cause, 161
of comparison, 149
of instrument, 164-165
of means, 164-165
of measure of difference, 152-153
of separation, 161
with deponents, 168-169
without prepositions, 14
Adjectives

agreement, 22, 26-27
as nouns, 13, 27
comparison of, 148-149
irregular, 86
Adverbs, 150
Aliquis, 124

Base of nouns, 9

Conditional sentences, 152, 156
Consecutive clauses, 93
Contractions (verbs), 169
Cum clauses, 88, 166-167

Dative

double, 142-143
of indirect object, 61-62
of possession, 141
of purpose and reference, 142-143
Deponent verbs, 63
Deponents with ablative, 168-169
Domus , 151

Ego, 105
Esse, 115

Ferre, 116

Gerunds, 142
Gerundives

for gerund plus object, 158

Gerundives —continued
for obligation, 135-136
for purpose, 140-141

Hie, 43-44

Hortatory subjunctive, 95

Idem, 52
Ille, 39-40
Imperative
irregular, 98
regular active, 109
regular passive, 133
Imperfect tense, meaning, 68
Impersonal verbs, 160-161
Indirect questions, 95
Indirect statements, 3-4, 79-80,144
Ipse, 56
be, 112
Is, ea, id, 51-52
Iste, 151

/-stem rules, 167

Locative case, 164

Malle, 156-157
Mille, 136

Mixed stem nouns, 167

Nolle, 111
Nos, 102
Nouns
base of, 9
mixed stem, 167
participles as, 38
Num (direct questions), 119

Objective and infinitive, 79-80, 144-
145
Objective
double, 145
of extent, 136
Optional endings, 169

Participles
as nouns, 38
future active, 144-145
future passive (obligation), 135-
136

perfect passive, 28-29
present active, 71-72
Posse, 116

Possessive case, 37-38
Pronouns

dative case of, 85-86
personal, 97, 101, 102, 105
possessive case of, 37-38
reflexive, 56
relative, 53-54
Purpose clauses, 84

-que, 125

Qui, quae, quod, 53-54
Quidam, 55-56
Quis

indefinite, 127
interrogative, 77

Reflexives, 44, 56, 70
Relatives, 53-54
Result clauses, 93

Se, 56

Sequence of tenses, 138-139
Subjunctive
hortatory, 95

tenses of, 88, 133, 138-139
Suus, 44, 70

Towns and cities, cases with, 63-64
Tu, 101

Velle, 111
Vocative case, 129
Vos, 97

Word order, 41-42, 62, 81-82

185

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